<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinert, Tilman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using coercion in mental disorders or risking the patient’s death? An analysis of the protocols of a clinical ethics committee and a derived decision algorithm</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Ethics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Death</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disabled Persons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ethics- Medical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human rights</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2023/11/23/jme-2023-109578</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;While principle-based ethics is well known and widely accepted in psychiatry, much less is known about how decisions are made in clinical practice, which case scenarios exist, and which challenges exist for decision-making. Protocols of the central ethics committee responsible for four psychiatric hospitals over 7&amp;thinsp;years (N=17) were analysed. While four cases concerned suicide risk in the case of intended hospital discharge, the vast majority (N=13) concerned questions of whether the responsible physician should or should not initiate the use of coercion in patients lacking mental capacity. The committee&amp;rsquo;s recommendations were non-uniform. Forced feeding and electroconvulsive therapy were endorsed in each one case. In two cases of intermittent loss of capacity due to heavy drinking or intermittent severe suicidal ideation, a self-binding contract was recommended and the use of coercion was considered as justified for a very limited period. In all other cases, most of which involved involuntary treatment, the use of coercion was not endorsed. Without exception, the recommendations were accepted with relief by the physicians and their treatment teams, who feared liability in the event of harm to the patient. Eventually, a model of a decision algorithm was derived from the ethical arguments in the protocols.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>23</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina Øye Thorvaldsen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uten tvangshjemmel kan liv og helse settes i fare</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dagens medisin</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ambulanse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangshjemmel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.dagensmedisin.no/uten-tvangshjemmel-kan-liv-og-helse-settes-i-fare/510939</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01-utgaven</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h2 itemprop=&quot;description&quot;&gt;Det finnes et &amp;laquo;hjemmel-tomt&amp;raquo; rom som hindrer ambulansepersonell i å utøve jobben forsvarlig og trygt, og som fører til unødvendig bruk av politibistand. At ambulansepersonell mangler hjemmel til å bruke tvang, kan sette pasienters liv og helse i fare.&lt;/h2&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellingsen, GR</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilregnelighet under utvikling-en analyse av psykosevilkårets utvikling og vurdering av ulike reguleringsformer for tilregnelighet</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvorlig sinnslidelse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psykisk helsevernloven</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykosevilkåret</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straffeloven</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvunget psykisk helsevern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilregnelighet</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-82021</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det juridiske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Tema, problemstilling og aktualitet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Det har tradisjonelt blitt oppfattet som et grunnleggende rettferdighetsprinsipp at overtredelse av et straffebud ikke alene gir grunnlag for straff. Det må foreligge visse subjektive forhold ved gjerningspersonen som gjør at han kan bebreides for sin handling.1 Slik bebreidelse foreligger ikke dersom han var utilregnelig på handlingstidspunktet. Det er derfor et vilkår for straff at gjerningspersonen var tilregnelig. I kjølvannet av 22. juli-rettssaken oppstod det stor offentlig debatt rundt problemene knyttet til utilregnelighetsregelen, og da spesielt vilkåret om at gjerningspersonen må ha vært &amp;laquo;psykotisk&amp;raquo; da handlingen ble foretatt. Debatten ledet til en omfattende utredning av strafferettslig utilregnelighet og et forslag til endring av den eksisterende regelen. I juni 2019 vedtok Stortinget en ny utilregnelighetsregel, som både skiller seg fra det skisserte forslag og rettstilstanden i norsk strafferett de siste 90 årene. Med den gjeldende utilregnelighetsregelen har Norge vært i særklasse på verdensbasis, som ett av få land med en utilregnelighetsregel basert på det medisinske prinsipp. Store deler av den overnevnte debatten har gått ut på hvorvidt prinsippet burde videreføres, eller om også Norge burde ha en utilregnelighetsregel basert på et blandet prinsipp. Ved ikrafttredelsen av den nye utilregnelighetsregelen vil Norge for første gang siden 1929 vurdere tilregnelighet etter et blandet prinsipp. Det er enighet i norsk rett om at tilregnelighet skal være et vilkår for straff. Utfordringen ligger i å utforme en mest mulig treffsikker regel. Denne oppgaven er ment som et bidrag i debatten og skal forsøke å belyse ulike sider av hvordan en utilregnelighetsregel kan utformes. Temaet for oppgaven er utviklingen av regelen om strafferettslig utilregnelighet og hvordan ulike reguleringsformer kan arte seg.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna Christine Julie Mantila</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Therese Johnson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav Nyttingnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Hammer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utforsket pasienters opplevelse av tvang</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akutt psykisk helsevern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erfaringskunnskap</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experience Coercion Scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opplevd tvang</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://static.sykepleien.no/sites/default/files/pdf-export/pdf-export-78900.pdf?c=1570608629</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;I 2018 gjennomførte vi et prosjekt ved Blakstad sykehus hvor vi intervjuet pasienter om deres opplevelser av tvang i akutt psykisk helsevern. I samtalene kom det frem informasjon som er klinisk nyttig og kan brukes i forbedringsarbeid. Deltakerne ga i tillegg uttrykk for at samtalene gjorde at de følte seg sett og tatt på alvor.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling, Tvangsinnleggelse, Tvangsmidler, Erfaringsbaserte</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav Nyttingnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tone Breines Simonsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jūratė Šaltytė Benth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørn Lau</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Løvsletteng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tore Buer Christensen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann-Torunn Andersen Austegard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of outpatient commitment in Norway: Who are the patients and what does it involve?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community psychiatry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community Treatment Order</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Outpatient commitment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252718301900</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div&gt;Purpose&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Despite one of the longest histories of using Outpatient Commitment (OC), little is known about the use in the Norwegian context. Reporting from the Norwegian Outpatient Commitment Study, this article aims to: establish the profile of the OC population in Norway; ascertain the legal justification for the use of OC and what OC involves for patients; investigate possible associations between selected patient and service characteristics and duration of OC, and; explore potential differences based on gender or rurality.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Methods&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A retrospective multi-site study, extracting data from the medical records of all patients on OC in six large regional hospitals in 2008&amp;ndash;12, with detailed investigation over 36 months of the subsample of patients on first ever OC-order in 2008&amp;ndash;09. We use descriptive statistics to establish the profile of the OC population and the legal justification for and the content of OC, and logistic regression to examine factors associated with duration of OC over 36 months.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Results&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1414 patients were on OC over the 5 years, and 274 had their first OC in 2008&amp;ndash;09. The sample included more men than woman, and three-quarters were diagnosed with schizophrenia. They had long service histories, including involuntary admissions. The legal justification for all OC-orders was the need for treatment, and 18% were additionally justified by dangerousness. The option to initiate OC directly from the community was not used in any of the 274 first ever OC-orders. While 98% of patients were prescribed psychotropic medication, under half had an Involuntary Treatment Order, which under the Norwegian OC regime is required in addition to the OC-order to oblige patients to accept treatment (usually medication). 60% of patients had &amp;ge;2 clinical contacts monthly. There were some gender differences in descriptive analyses with men generally being worse off, but no clear pattern in terms of rurality. Patients in the sample had been on OC between one week and 20 years. The median duration of OC over 36 months was 365 days. Three factors contributed to longer duration: the use of the dangerousness criterion; a diagnosis of schizophrenia disorder, and; considerable problems with substance abuse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Conclusion&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The characteristics of the OC population in Norway are very similar to that reported in other jurisdictions. Medication seems to be the central focus of OC, yet additional Involuntary Treatment Orders are imposed for less than half of patients. While all OC-orders were justified by the need to ensure treatment, risk seems to be a concern for a subgroup of patients who are kept on for longer. How the 2017 amendment to the mental health act, which precludes compulsion for competent patients unless danger is present, will affect OC use, remains to be seen. Further studies should specifically focus on variation in the use of OC, including at the level of individual clinicians.&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astrid Furre</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of restraint acute psychiatric inpatient units for adolescents in Norway</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitetet i Oslo</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9788283771886</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reitan, Solveig Klæbo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helvik, Anne-Sofie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iversen, Valentina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of mechanical and pharmacological restraint over an eight-year period and its relation to clinical factors</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pharmacological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restraint</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08039488.2017.1373854</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Use of restraint and finding the balance between security and ethics is a continuous dilemma in clinical psychiatry. In daily clinic and in planning health-care service, knowledge on the characteristics of restraint situations is necessary to optimize its use and avoid abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;We describe characteristics in the use of pharmacological and mechanical restraint in psychiatric acute wards in a hospital in Middle Norway over an eight-year period. Data on all cases of mechanical and pharmacological restraint from 2004 to 2011 were retrospectively collected from hand-written protocols. Complementary information on the patients was obtained from the hospital patient administrative system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Restraint in acute wards was used on 13 persons per 100,000 inhabitants annually. The percentage of admitted patients exposed to restraint was 1.7%, with a mean of 4.5 cases per exposed patient. Frequency per 100 admitted patients varied from 3.7 (in 2007) to 10 (in 2009). The majority of restraint cases concerned male patients under 50 years and with substance-abuse, psychotic, or affective disorders. Significantly more coercive means were used during daytime compared to night and morning. There was a significant increase in pharmacological coercion during spring and mechanical coercion during summer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Restraint was used on 1.7% of admitted patients, representing 13 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Use of restraint was higher during certain periods of the day and was associated with the patient&amp;rsquo;s diagnosis, age, gender, and legal status of hospitalization. There was a marked variation over the years.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></section><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hangaard, Silje</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utvisning av utlendinger som er dømt til tvungent psykisk helsevern, jf. strl. § 62</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">særreaksjon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvungent psykisk helsevern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">utvisning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/54450/5/605.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det juridiske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Sammendrag finnes ikke&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolf Wynn</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Use of Physical Restraint in Norwegian Adult Psychiatric Hospitals</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psychiatry/2015/347246/ref/</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ugstad, Kristian Nordal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding and interpreting the process behind compulsory admissions: A qualitative study</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-41530</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitetet i Oslo</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Berg Hansen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usikkert hvordan tvangsbruk kan reduseres</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://hdl.handle.net/11250/132180</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">www.forskning.no</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siri Ødegaard Fossum</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utvikling og testing av et spørreskjema for å kartlegge skjerming som metode i psykisk helsevern. En pilotstudie.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medisinske fakultet. Sykepleiervitenskap.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/123456789/28227</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitetet i Oslo.</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DUO. 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