<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina Camilla Wergeland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Åshild Fause</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astrid Karine Weber</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anett Beatrix Osnes Fause</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increased autonomy with capacity‑based mental health legislation in Norway: a qualitative study of patient experiences of having come off a community treatment order</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Health Services Research (Open Access)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lov</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lovendring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pasientopplevelse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykkekompetanse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8987267/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Capacity-based mental health legislation was introduced in Norway on 1 September 2017. The aim was to increase the autonomy of patients with severe mental illness and to bring mental health care in line with human rights. The aim of this study is to explore patient experiences of how far the new legislation has enabled them to be involved in decisions on their treatment after they were assessed as capable of giving consent and had their community treatment order (CTO) revoked due to the change in the legislation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Individual in-depth interviews were conducted from September 2019 to March 2020 with twelve people with experience as CTO patients. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis inspired by hermeneutics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Almost all interviewees were receiving the same health care over two years after their CTO was terminated. Following the new legislation, they found it easier to be involved in treatment decisions when off a CTO than they had done in periods without a CTO before the amendment. Being assessed as having capacity to consent had enhanced their autonomy, their dialogues and their feeling of being respected in encounters with health care personnel. However, several participants felt insecure in such encounters and some still felt passive and lacking in initiative due to their previous experiences of coercion. They were worried about becoming acutely ill and again being subjected to involuntary treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The introduction of capacity-based mental health legislation seems to have fulfilled the intention that treatment and care should, as far as possible, be provided in accordance with patients&amp;#39; wishes. Systematic assessment of capacity to consent seems to increase the focus on patients&amp;#39; condition, level of functioning and opinions in care and treatment. Stricter requirements for health care providers to find solutions in cooperation with patients seem to lead to new forms of collaboration between patients and health care personnel, where patients have become more active participants in their own treatment and receive help to make more informed choices.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Autonomy; Capacity to consent; Coercion; Community treatment order; Outpatient commitment; Patient experiences; Self-determination; The Mental Health Care Act.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erfaringsbaserte</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Løvsletten</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management of patients with outpatient commitment in the mental health services</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Det medisinske fakultet, UiO</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psykisk helsevern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=BIBSYS_ILS71646654240002201&amp;context=L&amp;vid=UIO&amp;lang=no_NO&amp;search_scope=default_scope&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;query=any,contains,Management%20of%20pati</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philosophiae Doctor (PhD)</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-82-348-0011-5</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Background&lt;br /&gt;This PhD project has examined how outpatient commitment (OC) decisions work. In Norway,&lt;br /&gt;the Mental Health Act provides the opportunity to use coercion in the treatment of people&lt;br /&gt;with mental disorder. Patients with OC decisions live in their own homes in the municipality,&lt;br /&gt;at the same time as they have a compulsory decision adopted by the specialist health service.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aim&lt;br /&gt;The main issue for this PhD project has been to explore how the OC scheme works from a&lt;br /&gt;mental health service perspective. The PhD project has mapped the patient group receiving&lt;br /&gt;OC decisions. In addition, it has investigated how health personnel in mental health services&lt;br /&gt;experience follow-up and interaction with patients and across service levels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Design and methods&lt;br /&gt;This PhD project consists of three sub-studies with different issues and different research&lt;br /&gt;designs using both quantitative and qualitative methods. These three sub-studies have resulted&lt;br /&gt;in three published papers.&lt;br /&gt;Sub-study 1 collected data from electronic patient records including all patients in two&lt;br /&gt;counties in Norway. The statistical methods used in this study were descriptive analysis, with&lt;br /&gt;frequency analysis and cross-tabulation analysis. The study mapped the patient group of 139&lt;br /&gt;patients who had received an OC decision from 2008 to 2012.&lt;br /&gt;Sub-study 2 collected data using an electronic questionnaire sent to healthcare personnel in&lt;br /&gt;the mental health services, who have experience with psychosis and OC decisions in two&lt;br /&gt;counties in Norway. There were 230 people who received the questionnaire and 84 of them&lt;br /&gt;answered the form. The groups were compared using cross-analysis, correlation analysis&lt;br /&gt;(Pearson&amp;rsquo;s r) and non-parametric Wilcoxon&amp;rsquo;s test (P &amp;le;0.05). The sample consisted of various&lt;br /&gt;health personnel from both small and large municipalities, and examined which tasks they had&lt;br /&gt;in follow-up of patients and how they collaborated with the specialist health services.&lt;br /&gt;Sub-study 3 This was a qualitative study collecting data through focus group interviews with&lt;br /&gt;health personnel from the municipal health service and specialist health services. The study&lt;br /&gt;explored their experiences with collaboration between municipalities and specialist health&lt;br /&gt;care services, for patients with an OC decision. The analysis followed the steps in qualitative&lt;br /&gt;content analysis inspired by Graneheim and Lundman.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results&lt;br /&gt;The first sub-study revealed that the patient group receiving the OC decisions constituted a&lt;br /&gt;small group of patients in mental health care who had psychotic disorders, with the majority&lt;br /&gt;having a schizophrenia disorder. Most patients had received treatment in mental health care&lt;br /&gt;for 10 years before they received their first OC decision. They received parallel mental health&lt;br /&gt;services from both specialist health services and their own home municipality. Many patients&lt;br /&gt;lacked information about an individual plan (IP) and a contact person in the medical record.&lt;br /&gt;The second sub-study found that the health personnel gave the same follow-up to all patients&lt;br /&gt;with psychosis and OC decisions. However, patients who had OC decisions received fewer&lt;br /&gt;conversations about their medication. Many among the health personnel lacked up-to-date&lt;br /&gt;knowledge of the changes in the Mental Health Act in 2017. In addition, the study disclosed&lt;br /&gt;that the health personnel had varied experience of cooperation with the specialist health&lt;br /&gt;services.&lt;br /&gt;The third sub-study explored the health personnel experiences with follow-up of patients with&lt;br /&gt;OC decisions in municipal housing associations and district psychiatric centres (DPCs). The&lt;br /&gt;study disclosed that the health personnel related that they followed up patients with OC&lt;br /&gt;decisions in a different way to other patients, and felt more responsibility towards them. Thus,&lt;br /&gt;the altered rules for consent competence have made the work with OC decisions more&lt;br /&gt;demanding.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;All the sub-studies revealed a lack of interaction between the service levels. The&lt;br /&gt;responsibility for coordinating the follow-up of the patients with OC decisions on a daily&lt;br /&gt;basis appears to be unclear across service levels. The contact person&amp;#39;s role and IP have not&lt;br /&gt;functioned as a collaboration tool in accordance with the intention of the Mental Health Act&lt;br /&gt;and the Patient Rights Act. When an IP is lacking, there is a lack of an absence of clear user&lt;br /&gt;participation and of a rehabilitation perspective for the patients with OC decisions. The new&lt;br /&gt;legislation in the Mental Health Act in 2017, with a requirement for consent assessment&lt;br /&gt;before an OC decision, has changed the practice and the basis for making an OC decision.&lt;br /&gt;Therefore, if an OC decision can contribute to an improved process and function as intended&lt;br /&gt;in the law, the decisions must contain more than the control of the decision. These findings&lt;br /&gt;show that the laws are not currently applied, which is ethically worrying.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sammendrag&lt;br /&gt;Bakgrunn&lt;br /&gt;Dette PhD prosjektet har utforsket hvordan ordningen med tvang uten døgnopphold (TUD)&lt;br /&gt;fungerer i Norge. I Norge gir Psykisk helsevernloven muligheten til å bruke tvang ved&lt;br /&gt;oppfølgingen av pasienter med psykisk lidelser som bor i sitt eget hjem i kommunen, samtidig&lt;br /&gt;som de har tvangsvedtak fra spesialisthelsetjenesten.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Formål&lt;br /&gt;Målet for dette PhD prosjektet har vært å utforske hvordan TUD ordningen fungerer ut i fra et&lt;br /&gt;psykisk helsetjenesteperspektiv. PhD prosjektet har kartlagt pasientgruppen med TUD vedtak,&lt;br /&gt;og undersøkt hvilken oppfølging pasientene får og hvordan samarbeidet mellom kommuner&lt;br /&gt;og spesialisthelsetjenesten fungerer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Design og metoder&lt;br /&gt;Dette PhD-prosjektet består av tre delstudier med forskjellige problemstillinger og forskjellige&lt;br /&gt;forskningsdesign og har benyttet både kvantitativ og kvalitativ metode. De tre delstudiene har&lt;br /&gt;resultert i tre publiserte artikler.&lt;br /&gt;Delstudie 1 inkluderte 139 pasienter fra to fylker i Norge med TUD vedtak. Data ble samlet&lt;br /&gt;inn fra elektroniske pasientjournaler og inkluderte alle pasienter med TUD vedtak fra 2008&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;t.o.m. 2012. Studien hadde et deskriptivt design og det ble benyttet frekvensanalyse og kryss-&lt;br /&gt;tabellanalyse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Delstudie 2 samlet inn data ved hjelp av et elektronisk spørreskjema sendt til helsepersonell i&lt;br /&gt;kommunale psykiske helsetjeneste i to fylker i Norge, som hadde erfaring med pasienter med&lt;br /&gt;psykose og TUD vedtak. Det var 230 personer som mottok spørreskjemaet, og 84 personer&lt;br /&gt;besvarte skjemaet. Gruppene ble sammenlignet ved bruk av kryssanalyse, korrelasjonsanalyse&lt;br /&gt;(Pearson&amp;rsquo;s r) og ikke-parametrisk Wilcoxon&amp;rsquo;s test (P &amp;le;0.05). Utvalget besto av helsepersonell&lt;br /&gt;fra både små og store kommuner, og det ble undersøkt hvordan de fulgte opp pasientene i&lt;br /&gt;kommunene og hvordan de samarbeidet med spesialisthelsetjenesten.&lt;br /&gt;Delstudie 3 er en kvalitativ studie som samlet inn data gjennom fokusgruppeintervjuer med&lt;br /&gt;helsepersonell fra kommunale bofelleskap og spesialisthelsetjenesten. Studien utforsket deres&lt;br /&gt;erfaringer med samarbeid mellom kommuner og spesialisthelsetjeneste for pasienter med&lt;br /&gt;TUD vedtak. Analysen fulgte trinnene til kvalitativ innholdsanalyse etter Graneheim og&lt;br /&gt;Lundman.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Resultater&lt;br /&gt;Den første delstudien viste at pasientgruppen som har TUD vedtak, utgjør en liten&lt;br /&gt;pasientgruppe i psykisk helsevern med psykose lidelser, hvor de fleste hadde en&lt;br /&gt;schizofrenilidelse. De fleste pasientene hadde hatt oppfølging for sine psykiske&lt;br /&gt;helseproblemer i 10 år før de fikk sitt første TUD vedtak. Pasientene mottok parallelle&lt;br /&gt;psykiske helsetjenester fra både spesialisthelsetjenesten og sin egen hjemkommune. Mange&lt;br /&gt;pasienter manglet informasjon om individuell plan (IP) og hvem fra spesialisthelsetjenesten&lt;br /&gt;som var kontaktperson i pasientjournalen.&lt;br /&gt;Den andre delstudien viste at helsepersonell gir samme oppfølging til alle pasienter med&lt;br /&gt;psykotiske lidelser uansett om de hadde et TUD vedtak eller ikke. Men, pasienter med TUD&lt;br /&gt;vedtak fikk færre samtaler om medisiner. Mange blant helsepersonellet manglet oppdatert&lt;br /&gt;kunnskap om endringene i Psykisk helsevernloven fra 2017. Helsepersonellet i kommunene&lt;br /&gt;erfarte utfordringer knyttet til samarbeid mellom helsepersonell på ulike tjenestenivåer. IP ble&lt;br /&gt;sjelden brukt og fungerte bare i varierende grad som et samhandlingsverktøy.&lt;br /&gt;Den tredje delstudien har undersøkt helsepersonells erfaringer med oppfølging av pasienter&lt;br /&gt;med TUD vedtak i kommunale borettslag og distrikt psykiatriske senter (DPS). De svarte at&lt;br /&gt;de fulgte opp pasienter med TUD vedtak på en annen måte enn andre pasienter, og følte mer&lt;br /&gt;ansvar overfor dem. Lovendringen i Psykisk helsevernloven fra 2017, med krav om&lt;br /&gt;samtykkevurdering før TUD vedtak, har gjort arbeidet med TUD vedtak mer krevende.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Konklusjon&lt;br /&gt;Alle delstudiene viste manglende samhandling mellom tjenestenivåene. Informasjon om&lt;br /&gt;kontaktpersonen i spesialisthelsetjenesten manglet for mange pasienter. Ansvaret for&lt;br /&gt;koordinering av oppfølgingen av pasientene med TUD vedtak mellom tjenestenivåer ser ut til&lt;br /&gt;å være uklar, og IP fungerer ikke som et samarbeidsverktøy i samsvar med intensjonen i&lt;br /&gt;Psykisk helsevernloven og Pasientrettighetsloven. Når en IP mangler, mangler et tydelig&lt;br /&gt;brukermedvirkning og rehabiliteringsperspektiv for pasienter med TUD vedtak.&lt;br /&gt;Den nye lovendringen i Psykisk helsevernloven fra 2017, med krav om samtykkevurdering&lt;br /&gt;har endret praksis og grunnlag for å gjøre TUD vedtak.&lt;br /&gt;Hvis TUD vedtak skal bidra til bedring som loven tilsier, må TUD vedtaket inneholde mer&lt;br /&gt;enn å kontrollere vedtakene. Dette PhD prosjektet viser at noen av lovbestemmelsene ikke&lt;br /&gt;brukes, noe som er etisk bekymringsfullt.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doctor Thesis</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahlberg, Jørgen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Øverstad, Siri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahl, Vegard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coman, Alina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomy and consent assessment for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A retrospective study of medical records</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykkekompetanse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252721000455?via%3Dihub</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The Norwegian Mental Health Act allows involuntary treatment for patients who lack consent capacity, however&lt;br /&gt;it allows only administration of pharmaceutical treatment and nutrition and not ECT. In lack of specific regulations,&lt;br /&gt;the legal access to ECT without valid consent has been grounded on the general rule of necessity in the&lt;br /&gt;Norwegian Penal code. This restriction and lack of legal regulation has implications for patients&amp;#39; rights and legal&lt;br /&gt;security.&lt;br /&gt;The study&amp;#39;s aim was to assess the documented consent provided by patients for electroconvulsive therapy&lt;br /&gt;(ECT), whether ECT was administered without valid consent or under coercion, and the documented reasons, and&lt;br /&gt;ultimately compare practice with the legal requirements. We analysed systematically all the relevant medical&lt;br /&gt;records for hospitalised patients and outpatients receiving ECT during 2011&amp;ndash;2016. We categorized data from&lt;br /&gt;these two groups into seven defined categories describing the attitude and quality of the consents to the ECT (or&lt;br /&gt;lack thereof).&lt;br /&gt;378 patients received 498 ECT series&amp;acute;. The noted consents varied from treatment based on request (54 treatments),&lt;br /&gt;consent upon recommendation (209 treatments), consent after hesitation (88 treatments), consent&lt;br /&gt;presumed or noted without specification (114 treatments), to no consent (21 treatments) whereof the majority&lt;br /&gt;with documented coercion applied (19 treatments). All cases of ECT without consent referred to a &amp;ldquo;plea of necessity&amp;rdquo;.&lt;br /&gt;The remaining treatments (12) lacked notifications specifying the consent (or attitude) expressed.&lt;br /&gt;Specific notes on the patient&amp;#39;s capacity to consent for the respective ECT were generally lacking.&lt;br /&gt;This study indicates a large spread in patients&amp;acute; acceptance and valid consent to ECT. The main reason for&lt;br /&gt;administering ECT without consent and/or against patients&amp;#39; will was for life-saving reasons. Such treatments&lt;br /&gt;were justified legal under a plea of necessity in the Penal Code or lacked noted legal justification. The legal&lt;br /&gt;vacuum for ECT without a valid consent needs to be addressed as this kind of disputed treatment is used in some&lt;br /&gt;cases.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ina Danielsen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruk av elektrokonvulsiv behandling (ECT) med samtykke og med nødrett som hjemmel. I hvilken grad finnes det rettshjemmel for behandlingsformen?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elektrokonvulsiv terapi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nødrett</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rettslig grunnlag</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/18543/29_JUS399_V18.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiB, juridisk fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergen</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Avhandlingen vil drøfte i hvilken grad det finnes rettshjemmel for bruk av elektrokonvulsiv behandling (ECT) med samtykke og med nødrett som hjemmel. ECT er en behandlingsform som innebærer at man fører små mengder strøm gjennom hjernen med intensjon om å utløse krampeanfall. Behandlingsformen har dokumentert god effekt ved affektive lidelser, men er også mye kritisert. Det er fortsatt ikke kartlagt den eksakte virkningsmekanismen, effekt, bivirkninger og om det kan føre til varig hjerneskade eller ikke.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Det har de siste årene vært mer fokus på de juridiske uklarhetene, bivirkninger og flere betenkeligheter med gjennomføringen av elektrokonvulsiv behandling. Behandlingsformen er å anse som et alvorlig inngrep og det knytter seg flere problemstillinger til tema; både juridisk, etisk og faglig. Det finnes ikke en lovbestemmelse som direkte regulerer bruken av ECT. Det blir derfor de mer generelle reglene i psykisk helsevernloven og pasient- og brukerrettighetsloven som legger føringene for behandlingsformen i Norge samt. bestemmelser om nødrett.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oppgaven vil behandle to hovedproblemstillinger; rettslig hjemmel for ECT med samtykke og ECT uten samtykke og med nødrett som hjemmel. Avhandlingen vil i det vesentlige være rettsdogmatisk, men også ha innslag av rettspolitisk drøftelse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oppgaven vil først ta for seg verdigrunnlaget og de overordnende rettslige prinsippene. Deretter vil jeg drøfte bruk av ECT med samtykke som hjemmel, og etterpå vil jeg drøfte bruken på nødrettslig grunnlag. Avslutningsvis vil jeg vurdere om nåværende situasjon er rettslig holdbar og om behandlingsformen bør lovfestes. Oppgaven vil være avgrenset mot mennesker over 18 år som ikke er umyndiggjort.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mastergradsoppgave</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørn Henning Østenstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caroline Adolphsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eva Naur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Sinding Aasen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selvbestemmelse og tvang i helse- og omsorgstjenesten</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helsehjelp</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motstand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selvbestemmelse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=BIBSYS_ILS71556463300002201&amp;context=U&amp;vid=UBTO&amp;lang=no_NO&amp;search_scope=default_scope</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></edition><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagbokforlaget</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergen</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">302</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-82-450-1982-7</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Retten til å bestemme over egen kropp er et grunnleggende utgangspunkt både i nasjonal lovgivning og etter menneskerettighetene. Det gjelder også i møte med helsepersonell som tilbyr helsehjelp av god kvalitet og ut fra de beste formål. Men hvor langt rekker dette synspunktet? Når må det likevel kunne gripes inn og gis hjelp uten samtykke, eventuelt under motstand? I ni artikler drøftes ulike sider ved denne problematikken, som er særlig aktuell overfor enkeltpersoner med psykisk funksjonssvikt. Blant temaene som drøftes, er forholdet til internasjonale menneskerettigheter, forståelsen av ulike tvangsbegreper, forsvarlighet, involvering av pårørende, tvangsmedisinering i psykisk helsevern og rettssikkerhet for barn. Boken er et samarbeid mellom norske og danske rettsforskere, og inneholder både prinsipielle drøftinger og avklaring av mer konkrete problemstillinger.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahmad, Mabroor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elektrokonvulsiv behandling (ECT) med samtykke og på tvang</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nødrett</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/55056/ECT--samtykke-og-tvang.pdf?sequence=5&amp;isAllowed=n</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det juridiske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;BAKGRUNN:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I Norge er behandling med ECT i samsvar med loven bare hvis informert samtykke foreligger, men behandlingen gis likevel på tvang i nødrettsituasjoner. METODE: Innhentet kunnskapsgrunnlag ble vurdert i lys av medisinsk-etiske prinsipper. Etiske overveielser ble sammenholdt med juridiske føringer på området. RESULTATER: ECT, gitt på korrekt indikasjon, er en trygg og effektiv behandlingsmetode sammenlignet med annen behandling. Pasienter vil oppleve kognitive bivirkninger av ECT, men behandlingen kan likevel forvares etisk. Informert samtykke er eneste gyldige hjemmelsgrunnlag for behandling med ECT i Norge. Ved alvorlig depresjon med uttalt ernæringsvegring eller selvmordsadferd vil imidlertid ECT kunne være den eneste akuttbehandlingen som er tilstrekkelig for å redde liv eller forhindre alvorlig helseskade. Profesjonsetikken kan da kreve av helsepersonell at behandling med ECT gis, selv om dette må gjøres med tvang. Gjeldende rettstilstand tillater tvungen behandling med ECT på nødrett i Norge, men inngripenen mangler spesifikk lovhjemmel. I Sverige er ECT gitt på tvang tillatt på lik linje med annen tvungen psykiatrisk behandling, mens i Danmark er det spesifikk lovhjemmel med nødrettslignende vilkår som må være oppfylt for tvungen behandling med ECT. FORTOLKNING: Økende vektlegging av pasientens autonomi, informert samtykke og samtykkekompetanse i helselovgivningen stiller høye krav til helsepersonells vurderinger, rolleforståelse og kommunikasjon. I bestemte situasjoner kan det være nødvendig å gi inngripende behandling med tvang. Gjeldende rettstilstand i Norge tillater systematisk anvendelse av tvungen behandling med ECT på nødrett, men den juridiske konstruksjonen er uholdbar. Vilkårene som ligger til grunn for tvungen behandling med ECT på nødrettsgrunnlag, bør lovfestes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Treatment with ECT in Norway is legal only with informed consent. Yet the treatment is done with coercion in some situations on the grounds of necessity. METHODS: The platform of knowledge for ECT was obtained and assessed in light of principles of biomedical ethics. Ethical considerations were compared to legal regulations in the area. RESULTS: Compared with other treatments, ECT is safe and effective when given on correct indications. Patients experience adverse cognitive effects of the treatment, and for some patients the adverse effects may be considerable. Nevertheless, the treatment can be defended on the basis of ethical principles. Informed consent is the only legal basis for treatment with ECT in Norway. In major depression with severe suicidality or food refusal, ECT may be the only acute treatment sufficient to prevent death or severe health injury. Professional ethics may then require health personnel to do this intervention, even if it has to be done by coercion. The legal position today in Norway is that compulsory treatment with ECT on the grounds of necessity is allowed, but the intervention lacks specific legal authority. Swedish law allows ECT as a compulsory psychiatric treatment, while Danish law reserves the use of ECT to life-threatening conditions. CONCLUSION: In certain situations, compulsory psychiatric treatment may be necessary. The Norwegian legislation has an increased focus on patient rights, but the use of ECT as a compulsory treatment in life-threatening situations lacks proper legal authority. This should be solved by fixing by law the current practice.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record></records></xml>