<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cath Roper</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina Joffee-Kohn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vrinda Edan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natasha Swingler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piers Gooding</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bridget Hamilton</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abolition: Is this the only pathway to upholding human rights and ensuring epistemic justice in psychiatry? A key informant qualitative study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252725000937</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Lovgivningen om psykisk helse tillater tvangsbehandling i visse tilfeller. Selv om menneskerettighetsspørsmål blir stadig viktigere, fortsetter debatten blant jurister, klinikere og aktivister om folks rett til lik behandling for loven, slik det er beskrevet i FNs konvensjon om rettigheter for personer med nedsatt funksjonsevne (2006).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Denne kvalitative, beskrivende studien hadde som mål å få en bedre forståelse av ulike synspunkter blant personer som er kjent for å kritisere tvang i psykisk helsevern, når det gjelder den praktiske gjennomføringen av menneskerettighetene i sammenheng med lovgivningen om psykisk helse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Det ble gjennomført individuelle, semistrukturerte intervjuer med 15 sentrale informanter fra fem forskjellige land, og dataene ble analysert ved hjelp av en induktiv, tematisk tilnærming.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generelt karakteriserte informantene lovgivningen om psykisk helse som diskriminerende, skadelig og uberettiget. Tre temaer og seks undertemaer ble identifisert. Denne studien rapporterer om de viktigste temaene, som inkluderer: en etisk posisjon (med fokus på de nåværende skadene forbundet med lovgivningen om psykisk helse), strategier (et uttrykk for muligheten til å bringe om endring) og en visjonær posisjon. Vi utforsker disse tre trekkene i nøkkelinformantenes synspunkter som viktige posisjoner innenfor avskaffelsesfeltet, og analyserer hver av dem for de &amp;laquo;hermeneutiske ressursene&amp;raquo; &amp;ndash; former for kollektive tolkningsressurser &amp;ndash; de gir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Avskaffelse av lovene om psykisk helse anses ofte som urealistisk i psykiatrisk sammenheng. Avskaffelsesteorier og -praksis er imidlertid hermeneutiske ressurser som må forstås bedre, fordi de tilbyr sosial rettferdighet og samfunnsstyrte løsninger som går utover lovene og systemene for psykisk helse.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richter, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tilman, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can coercion in psychiatry be justified? A theoretical adversarial collaboration approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252725001049?dgcid=author</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Bruk av tvang i psykiatrien er et av de mest kontroversielle temaene i moderne helsevesen. Det finnes kliniske, juridiske og etiske argumenter både for å avskaffe og for å rettferdiggjøre tvang i psykiatrien. Argumentasjonene er ofte diametralt motsatte, slik at det virker vanskelig å videreutvikle diskusjonen. For å løse denne utilfredsstillende situasjonen har vi brukt en tilnærming som kalles &amp;laquo;adversarial collaboration&amp;raquo; (motstridende samarbeid) på dette temaet. De to forfatterne representerer fundamentalt forskjellige synspunkter på spørsmålet om legitimering av tvang i psykiatrien. Gjennom en metodisk styrt utveksling av argumenter ble det utviklet en rekke konsensus-hypoteser, dissens-hypoteser og generelle konsensus-hypoteser med dissens i detalj. De viktigste funnene inkluderer det faktum at antagonistene argumenterer fra helt forskjellige utgangspunkt i kjernen av argumentasjonen, nemlig generelle argumenter kontra individuelle kliniske tilfeller. I tillegg har antagonistene konsistente standpunkter på mange temaer. Det kan derfor konkluderes med at både de som er for og de som er imot avskaffelse av tvang i psykiatrien, argumenterer med gode intensjoner.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonje Lossius Husum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irene Wormdahl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solveig H. H. Kjus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trond Hatling</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Something Happened with the Way We Work: Evaluating the Implementation of the Reducing Coercion in Norway (ReCoN) Intervention in Primary Mental Health Care</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MDPI</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">co-creation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex intervention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deltakende forskning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implementation research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implementeringsforskning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Involuntary admission</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kompleks intervensjon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental health services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participatory research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary mental health care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primær psykisk helseomsorg</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosessevaluering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykiske helsetjenester</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reducing coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Redusere tvang</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samskaping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ufrivillig innleggelse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/7/786</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Background: Current policies to reduce the use of involuntary admissions are largely oriented towards specialist mental health care and have had limited success. We co-created, with stakeholders in five Norwegian municipalities, the &amp;lsquo;Reducing Coercion in Norway&amp;rsquo; (ReCoN) intervention that aims to reduce involuntary admissions by improving the way in which primary mental health services work and collaborate. The intervention was implemented in five municipalities and is being tested in a cluster randomized control trial, which is yet to be published. The present study evaluates the implementation process in the five intervention municipalities. To assess how the intervention was executed, we report on how its different elements were implemented, and what helped or hindered implementation. Methods: We assessed the process using qualitative methods. Data included detailed notes from quarterly progress interviews with (i) intervention coordinators and representatives from (ii) user organisations and (iii) carer organisations. Finally, an end-of-intervention evaluation seminar included participants from across the sites. Results: The majority of intervention actions were implemented. We believe this was enabled by the co-creating process, which ensured ownership and a good fit for the local setting. The analysis of facilitators and barriers showed a high degree of interconnectedness between different parts of the intervention so that success (or lack thereof) in one area affected the success in others. Future implementation should pay attention to enhanced planning and training, clarify the role and contribution of service user and carer involvement, and pay close attention to the need for implementation support and whether this should be external or internal to services. Conclusions: It is feasible to implement a complex intervention designed to reduce the use of involuntary admissions in general support services, such as the Norwegian primary mental health services. This could have implications for national and international policy aimed at reducing the use of involuntary care.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Healthcare 2024</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina Camilla Wergeland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Åshild Fause</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astrid Karine Weber</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anett Beatrix Osnes Fause</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Capacity-based legislation in Norway has so far scarcely infuenced the daily life and responsibilities of patients’ carers: a qualitative study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Capacity-based legislation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community Treatment Order</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family-carer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patient autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Norwegian mental health act</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30648</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Background - When capacity-based mental health legislation was introduced in Norway in 2017, there was concern about the consequences of change in the law for patients&amp;rsquo;carer whose community treatment order was revoked as a result of being assessed as having capacity to consent. The concern was that the lack of a community treatment order would increase carers&amp;rsquo; responsibilities in an already challenging life situation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this study is to explore carers&amp;rsquo; experiences of how their responsibility and daily life were affected after the patient&amp;rsquo;s community treatment order was revoked based on capacity to consent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Method - We conducted individual in-depth interviews from September 2019 to March 2020 with seven carers of patients whose community treatment order was revoked following assessment of capacity to consent, based on the change in the legislation. The transcripts were analysed with inspiration from reflexive thematic analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results - The participants had little knowledge about the amended legislation, and three out of seven did not know about the change at the time of the interview. Their responsibility and daily life were as before, but they felt that the patient was more content, without relating this to the change in the law. They had found that coercion was necessary in certain situations, which made them worry whether the new legislation would make it more difficult to use coercion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion - The participating carers had little or no knowledge of the change in the law. They were involved in the patient&amp;rsquo;s everyday life as before. The concerns prior to the change about a worse situation for carers had not affected them. On the contrary, they found that their family member was more satisfied with life and the care and treatment provided. This may suggest that the intention of the legislation to reduce coercion and increase autonomy was fulfilled for these patients, without resulting in any significant change in carers&amp;rsquo; lives and responsibilities.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal article</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav Nyttingnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jūratė Šaltytė Benth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tore Hofstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between area levels of involuntary psychiatric care and patient outcomes: a longitudinal national register study from Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Psychiatry (Open Access)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvorlige psykiske lidelser</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compulsion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Involuntary care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental health legislation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psykisk helse-lovgivning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Register study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Registerstudie</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Severe mental disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangstiltak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ufrivillig omsorg</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-023-04584-4</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mental health legislation permits involuntary care of patients with severe mental disorders who meet set legal criteria. The Norwegian Mental Health Act assumes this will improve health and reduce risk of deterioration and death. Professionals have warned against potentially adverse effects of recent initiatives to heighten involuntary care thresholds, but no studies have investigated whether high thresholds have adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Aim&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;To test the hypothesis that areas with lower levels of involuntary care show higher levels of morbidity and mortality in their severe mental disorder populations over time compared to areas with higher levels. Data availability precluded analyses of the effect on health and safety of others.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using national data, we calculated standardized (by age, sex, and urbanicity) involuntary care ratios across Community Mental Health Center areas in Norway. For patients diagnosed with severe mental disorders (ICD10 F20-31), we tested whether lower area ratios in 2015 was associated with 1) case fatality over four years, 2) an increase in inpatient days, and 3) time to first episode of involuntary care over the following two years. We also assessed 4) whether area ratios in 2015 predicted an increase in the number of patients diagnosed with F20-31 in the subsequent two years and whether 5) standardized involuntary care area ratios in 2014&amp;ndash;2017 predicted an increase in the standardized suicide ratios in 2014&amp;ndash;2018. Analyses were prespecified (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04655287).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We found no adverse effects on patients&amp;rsquo; health in areas with lower standardized involuntary care ratios. The standardization variables age, sex, and urbanicity explained 70.5% of the variance in raw rates of involuntary care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lower standardized involuntary care ratios are not associated with adverse effects for patients with severe mental disorders in Norway. This finding merits further research of the way involuntary care works.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marius Storvik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas Hansen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangshjemler kan føre til mer tvang</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangshjemler kan føre til mer tvang</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.dagensmedisin.no/tvangshjemler-kan-fore-til-mer-tvang/538388</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dagensmedisin.no</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;En praksis med bruk av tepper, bandasjer, borrelåsstropper eller lignende for å sikre pasienter som motsetter seg under transport, kan være svært inngripende &amp;ndash; og gir grunn til bekymring.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tidsskriftsartikkel</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espen W Haugom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørn Stensrud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gro Beston</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torleif Ruud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne S. Landheim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experiences of shared decision making among patients with psychotic disorders in Norway: a qualitative study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">samvalg</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shared decision making; mental health services; psychotic disorders; qualitative research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8932170/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Shared decision making (SDM) is a process where the patient and the health professional collaborate to make decisions based on both the patient&amp;#39;s preferences and the best available evidence. Patients with psychotic disorders are less involved in making decisions than they would like. More knowledge of these patients&amp;#39; experiences of SDM may improve implementation. The study aim was to describe and explore experiences of SDM among patients with psychotic disorders in mental health care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Individual interviews were conducted with ten persons with a psychotic disorder. They were service users of two community mental health centres. The transcribed material was analysed using qualitative content analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Four-fifths of the participants in this study found that they received insufficient information about their health situation and treatment options. All participants experienced that only one kind of treatment was often presented, which was usually medication. Although the study found that different degrees of involvement were practised, two thirds of the participants had little impact on choices to be made. This was despite the fact that they wanted to participate and felt capable of participating, even during periods of more severe illness. The participants described how important it was that SDM in psychosis was based on a trusting relationship, but stated that it took time to establish such a relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;This study with ten participants indicates that patients with psychotic disorders experienced that they were not allowed to participate as much as they wanted to and believed they were capable of. Some patients were involved, but to a lesser degree than in SDM. More and better tailored information communicated within a trusting relationship is needed to provide psychotic patients with a better basis for active involvement in decisions about their health care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Shared decision making; mental health services; psychotic disorders; qualitative research.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erfaringsbaserte</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tore Hofstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonje Lossius Husum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørn Morten Hofmann</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographical variation in compulsory hospitalisation – ethical challenges</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Health Services Research (Open Access)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beneficence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ethical analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etisk analyse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Involuntary hospitalisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Justice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-maleficence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rettferdighet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Right care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riktig omsorg</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Service delivery variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small area analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Småområdestatistikk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ufrivillig sykehusinnleggelse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variasjon i tjenesteleveranse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12913-022-08798-2</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compulsory hospitalisation in mental health care restricts patients&amp;rsquo; liberty and is experienced as harmful by many. Such hospitalisations continue to be used due to their assumed benefit, despite limited scientific evidence. Observed geographical variation in compulsory hospitalisation raises concern that rates are higher and lower than necessary in some areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Methods/discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We present a specific normative ethical analysis of how geographical variation in compulsory hospitalisation challenges four core principles of health care ethics. We then consider the theoretical possibility of a &amp;ldquo;right&amp;rdquo;, or appropriate, level of compulsory hospitalisation, as a general norm for assessing the moral divergence, i.e., too little, or too much. Finally, we discuss implications of our analysis and how they can inform the future direction of mental health services.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Stewart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeline A. Naegle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarah Flogen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frances Hughes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James Buchan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Global Mental Health nursing workforce: Time to prioritize and invest in mental health and wellbeing</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forebygging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental helse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nursing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykiatrisk sykepleie</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sykepleie</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/ICN_Mental_Health_Workforce_report_EN_web.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the International Council of Nurses</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-92-95124-04-2 </style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Rapporten&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/ICN_Mental_Health_Workforce_report_EN_web.pdf&quot;&gt;Mental Health Workforce report&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;ble nylig lagt frem av ICN. I følge rapporten står verden foran store utfordringer, spesielt når det kommer til mangel på sykepleierkompetanse innen psykisk helse og rus.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annet</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lickiewicz, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piotrowicz, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Makara-Studzińska, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colin R.Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Victor R. Preedy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinood B. Patel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_65-1#chapter-info</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Cham</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2480</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-3-030-98711-4</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;ul data-component=&quot;data-book-show-more&quot; data-test=&quot;unique-selling-points&quot; id=&quot;unique-selling-points&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A detailed overview of the emotional, physical, and social implications of anger, aggression, and violence&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Covers a range of aggressive behaviors&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Includes Translational aspects: Applications of the material, Key Facts, Summary Points and Case studies&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav Nyttingnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ekaterina Sharashova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tone Breines Simonsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Høye</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of introducing capacity-based mental health legislation on the use of community treatment orders in Norway: case registry study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BJPsych Open</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community treatment orders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CTO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effekt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">impact</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legislation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lov</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lovendring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvungent vern uten døgnopphold</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/impact-of-introducing-capacitybased-mental-health-legislation-on-the-use-of-community-treatment-orders-in-norway-case-registry-study/8C1302C4705F3887004051947463A7F6</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Background&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 2017, a capacity-based criterion was added to the Norwegian Mental Health Act, stating that those with capacity to consent to treatment cannot be subjected to involuntary care unless there is risk to themselves or others. This was expected to reduce incidence and prevalence rates, and the duration of episodes of involuntary care, in particular regarding community treatment orders (CTOs).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aims&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim was to investigate whether the capacity-based criterion had the expected impact on the use of CTOs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Method&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This retrospective case register study included two catchment areas serving 16% of the Norwegian population (aged &amp;ge;18). In total, 760 patients subject to 921 CTOs between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019 were included to compare the use of CTOs 2 years before and 2 years after the legal reform.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CTO incidence rates and duration did not change after the reform, whereas prevalence rates were significantly reduced. This was explained by a sharp increase in termination of CTOs in the year of the reform, after which it reduced and settled on a slightly higher leven than before the reform. We found an unexpected significant increase in the use of involuntary treatment orders for patients on CTOs after the reform.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The expected impact on CTO use of introducing a capacity-based criterion in the Norwegian Mental Health Act was not confirmed by our study. Given the existing challenges related to defining and assessing decision-making capacity, studies examining the validity of capacity assessments and their impact on the use of coercion in clinical practice are urgently needed.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tud</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina Camilla Wergeland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Åshild Fause</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astrid Karine Weber</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anett Beatrix Osnes Fause</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increased autonomy with capacity‑based mental health legislation in Norway: a qualitative study of patient experiences of having come off a community treatment order</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Health Services Research (Open Access)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lov</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lovendring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pasientopplevelse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykkekompetanse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8987267/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Capacity-based mental health legislation was introduced in Norway on 1 September 2017. The aim was to increase the autonomy of patients with severe mental illness and to bring mental health care in line with human rights. The aim of this study is to explore patient experiences of how far the new legislation has enabled them to be involved in decisions on their treatment after they were assessed as capable of giving consent and had their community treatment order (CTO) revoked due to the change in the legislation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Individual in-depth interviews were conducted from September 2019 to March 2020 with twelve people with experience as CTO patients. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis inspired by hermeneutics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Almost all interviewees were receiving the same health care over two years after their CTO was terminated. Following the new legislation, they found it easier to be involved in treatment decisions when off a CTO than they had done in periods without a CTO before the amendment. Being assessed as having capacity to consent had enhanced their autonomy, their dialogues and their feeling of being respected in encounters with health care personnel. However, several participants felt insecure in such encounters and some still felt passive and lacking in initiative due to their previous experiences of coercion. They were worried about becoming acutely ill and again being subjected to involuntary treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The introduction of capacity-based mental health legislation seems to have fulfilled the intention that treatment and care should, as far as possible, be provided in accordance with patients&amp;#39; wishes. Systematic assessment of capacity to consent seems to increase the focus on patients&amp;#39; condition, level of functioning and opinions in care and treatment. Stricter requirements for health care providers to find solutions in cooperation with patients seem to lead to new forms of collaboration between patients and health care personnel, where patients have become more active participants in their own treatment and receive help to make more informed choices.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Autonomy; Capacity to consent; Coercion; Community treatment order; Outpatient commitment; Patient experiences; Self-determination; The Mental Health Care Act.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erfaringsbaserte</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irene Wormdahl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trond Hatling</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonje Lossius Husum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sloveig Kjus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dorte Brodersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signe Dahl Christensen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petter Sundt Nyborg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torstein Borch Skolseng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eva Irene Ødegård</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Margrethe Andersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espen Gundersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rise, Marit B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ReCoN intervention: a co-created comprehensive intervention for primary mental health care aiming to prevent involuntary admissions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Health Services Research (Open Access)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Involuntary admission</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary mental health care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primærhelsetjenesten</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reducing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reduksjon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-022-08302-w</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reducing involuntary psychiatric admissions is a global concern. In Norway, the rate of involuntary admissions was 199 per 100,000 people 16&amp;thinsp;years and older in 2020. Individuals&amp;rsquo; paths towards involuntary psychiatric admissions usually unfold when they live in the community and referrals to such admissions are often initiated by primary health care professionals. Interventions at the primary health care level can therefore have the potential to prevent such admissions. Interventions developed specifically for this care level are, however, lacking. To enhance the quality and development of services in a way that meets stakeholders&amp;rsquo; needs and facilitates implementation to practice, involving both persons with lived experience and service providers in developing such interventions is requested.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Aim&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;To develop a comprehensive intervention for primary mental health care aiming to prevent involuntary admissions of adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study had an action research approach with a participatory research design. Dialogue conferences with multiple stakeholders in five Norwegian municipalities, inductive thematic analysis of data material from the conferences, and a series of feedback meetings were conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The co-creation process resulted in the development of the ReCoN (Reducing Coercion in Norway) intervention. This is a comprehensive intervention that includes six strategy areas: [1] Management, [2] Involving Persons with Lived Experience and Family Carers, [3] Competence Development, [4] Collaboration across Primary and Specialist Care Levels, [5] Collaboration within the Primary Care Level, and [6] Tailoring Individual Services. Each strategy area has two to four action areas with specified measures that constitute the practical actions or tasks that are believed to collectively impact the need for involuntary admissions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=&quot;abstract-sub-heading&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The ReCoN intervention has the potential for application to both national and international mental health services. The co-creation process with the full range of stakeholders ensures face validity, acceptability, and relevance. The effectiveness of the ReCoN intervention is currently being tested in a cluster randomised controlled trial. Given positive effects, the ReCoN intervention may impact individuals with a severe mental illness at risk of involuntary admissions, as more people may experience empowerment and autonomy instead of coercion in their recovery process.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Røsaasen, Iselin Storm</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betydning av tvang i behandling av pasienter med anorexia nervosa</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anorexia nervosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/86096/1/Oppgave.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det medisinske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Sammendrag finnes ikke&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyttingnes, Olav</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rugkåsa, Jorun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Introduction of Medication-Free Mental Health Services in Norway: An Analysis of the Framing and Impact of Arguments From Different Standpoints</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medication-free</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medisin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medisinfri</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685024/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Debates about coercive practices have challenged a traditional biomedical hegemony in mental health care. The perspectives of service user organizations have gained considerable ground, such as in the development of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Such changes are often contested, and might in practice be a result of (implicit) negotiation between stakeholders with different discursive positions. To improve understanding of such processes, and how discursive positions may manifest and interact, we analyzed texts published over a 10 year period related to the introduction of medication-free inpatient services in Norway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;We conducted qualitative analyses of 36 policy documents related to the introduction of medication-free services and 75 opinion pieces from a subsequent debate. We examined discursive practices in these texts as expressions of what is perceived as legitimate knowledge upon which to base mental health care from the standpoints of government, user organizations and representatives of the psychiatric profession. We paid particular attention to how standpoints were framed in different discourse surrounding mental health care, and how these interacted and changed during the study period (2008&amp;ndash;2018).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;The analysis shows how elements from the discourse promoted by service user organizations&amp;mdash;most notably the legitimacy of personal experiences as a legitimate source of knowledge&amp;mdash;entered the mainstream by being incorporated into public policy. Strong reactions to this shift, firmly based in biomedical discourse, endorsed evidence-based medicine as the authoritative source of knowledge to ensure quality care, although accepting patient involvement. Involuntary medication, and how best to help those with non-response to antipsychotic medication represented a point at which discursive positions seemed irreconcilable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;The relative authorities of different sources of knowledge remain an area of contention, and especially in determining how best to help patients who do not benefit from antipsychotics. Future non-inferiority trials of medication-free services may go some way to break this discursive deadlock.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">annet</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torleif Ruud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espen Woldsengen Haugom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harold Alan Pincus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torfinn Hynnekleiv</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring Seclusion in Psychiatric Intensive Care: Development and Measurement Properties of the Clinical Seclusion Checklist</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">checklist</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Måling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sjekkliste</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skjerming</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.768500/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Acute psychiatric units in general hospitals must ensure that acutely disturbed patients do not harm themselves or others, and simultaneously provide care and treatment and help patients regain control of their behavior. This led to the development of strategies for the seclusion of a patient in this state within a particular area separated from other patients in the ward. While versions of this practice have been used in different countries and settings, a systematic framework for describing the various parameters and types of seclusion interventions has not been available. The aims of the project were to develop and test a valid and reliable checklist for characterizing seclusion in inpatient psychiatric care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Development and testing of the checklist were accomplished in five stages. Staff in psychiatric units completed detailed descriptions of seclusion episodes. Elements of seclusion were identified by thematic analysis of this material, and consensus regarding these elements was achieved through a Delphi process comprising two rounds. Good content validity was ensured through the sample of seclusion episodes and the representative participants in the Delphi process. The first draft of the checklist was revised based on testing by clinicians assessing seclusion episodes. The revised checklist with six reasons for and 10 elements of seclusion was tested with different response scales, and acceptable interrater reliability was achieved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Clinical Seclusion Checklist is a brief and feasible tool measuring six reasons for seclusion, 10 elements of seclusion, and four contextual factors. It was developed through a transparent process and exhibited good content validity and acceptable interrater reliability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;The checklist is a step toward achieving valid and clinically relevant measurements of seclusion. Its use in psychiatric units may contribute to quality assurance, more reliable statistics and comparisons across sites and periods, improved research on patients&amp;#39; experiences of seclusion and its effects, reduction of negative consequences of seclusion, and improvement of psychiatric intensive care.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofstad, Tore</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rugkåsa, Jorun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ose, Solveig O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyttingnes, Olav</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Husum, Tonje L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring the level of compulsory hospitalisation in mental health care: The performance of different measures across areas and over time</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int J Methods Psychiatr Res</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compulsory hospitalisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geografisk variasjon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small area analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mpr.1881</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;section id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0001&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0001-title&quot;&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A variety of measures are used for reporting levels of compulsory psychiatric hospitalisation. This complicates comparisons between studies and makes it hard to establish the extent of geographic variation. We aimed to investigate how measures based on events, individuals and duration portray geographical variation differently and perform over time, how they correlate and how well they predict future ranked levels of compulsory hospitalisation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0002&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0002-title&quot;&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Small-area analysis, correlation analysis and linear regressions of data from a Norwegian health registry containing whole population data from 2014 to 2018.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0003&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0003-title&quot;&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The average compulsory hospitalisation rate per 100,000 inhabitant was 5.6 times higher in the highest area, compared to the lowest, while the difference for the compulsory inpatient rate was 3.2. Population rates based on inpatients correlate strongly with rates of compulsory hospitalisations (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;0.88) and duration (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;0.78). 68%&amp;ndash;81% of ranked compulsory hospitalisation rates could be explained by each area&amp;#39;s rank the previous year.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0004&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;mpr1881-sec-0004-title&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are stable differences in service delivery between catchment areas in Norway. In future research, multiple measures of the level of compulsory hospitalisation should ideally be included when investigating geographical variation. It is important that researchers describe accurately the measure upon which their results are based.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/section&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rørtveit, Stine</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nødrett i psykisk helsevern</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elektrosjokk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nødrett</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.tvangsforskning.no/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Nodrett-i-psykisk-helsevern-Stine-Rortveit.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiB, juridisk fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergen</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tore Hofstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solveig Osborg Ose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav Nyttingnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solveig Helene Høymork Kjus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonje Lossius Husum</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Service Characteristics and Geographical Variation in Compulsory Hospitalisation: An exploratory random effects within-between analysis of Norwegian municipalities 2015-2018</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geografisk varasjon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tjenestetilbud</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737698/full?</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Compulsory hospitalisation in mental healthcare is contested. For ethical and legal reasons, it should only be used as a last resort. Geographical variation could indicate that some areas employ compulsory hospitalisation more frequently than is strictly necessary. Explaining variation in compulsory hospitalisation might contribute to reducing overuse, but research on associations with service characteristics remains patchy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;We aimed to investigate the associations between the levels of compulsory hospitalisation and the characteristics of primary mental health services in Norway between 2015 and 2018 and the amount of variance explained by groups of explanatory variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;We applied random-effects within&amp;ndash;between Poisson regression of 461 municipalities/city districts, nested within 72 community mental health centre catchment areas (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 1,828 municipality-years).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;More general practitioners, mental health nurses, and the total labour-years in municipal mental health and addiction services per population are associated with lower levels of compulsory hospitalisations within the same areas, as measured by both persons (inpatients) and events (hospitalisations). Areas that, on average, have more general practitioners and public housing per population have lower levels of compulsory hospitalisation, while higher levels of compulsory hospitalisation are seen in areas with a longer history of supported employment and the systematic gathering of service users&amp;#39; experiences. In combination, all the variables, including the control variables, could account for 39&amp;ndash;40% of the variation, with 5&amp;ndash;6% related to municipal health services.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Strengthening primary mental healthcare by increasing the number of general practitioners and mental health workers can reduce the use of compulsory hospitalisation and improve the quality of health services.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabben, Magne Brekke</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humanitet, kontroll og tvang: Tvangsmiddelbruk ved Kriminalasylet og Reitgjerdet sykehus, 1895–1978</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kriminalasylet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykiatrihistorie</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sikkerhetspsykiatri</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2682346</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NTNU, Institutt for moderne samfunnshistorie</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trondheim</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h5&gt;Sammendrag&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avhandlingen ser på tvangsmiddelbruken ved Kriminalasylet og Reitgjerdet sykehus i perioden 1895 til 1978 og drøfter den opp mot den skiftende forståelsen av hva som ligger i idealet om human behandling på psykiatrisk institusjon. Kriminalasylet og Reitgjerdet lå begge i Trondheim og var nasjonale spesialinstitusjoner for kriminelle og spesielt farlige og vanskelige mannlige pasienter. De to institusjonenes historie er tett sammenvevd.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tematikken illustrerer det som alltid har vært psykiatriens doble, men riktignok overlappende samfunnsoppdrag: å behandle mental sykdom og gi omsorg til pasientene, samtidig som pasientene, personalet og samfunnet for øvrig skal beskyttes mot potensielt farlige eller forstyrrende handlinger skapt av sykdommen. Bruk av tvang er og har alltid vært psykiatriens viktigste kontrollverktøy. Pasienter kan bli tvangsinnlagt på institusjon, og innlagt på institusjon kan pasientene bli underlagt en rekke tvangstiltak og tvangsmidler. Hvis vi ser litt enkelt på det, har tvangsmidler gjennom hele perioden vært delt i tre typer: mekanisk tvang (reimer, belter og lignende), isolasjon og kjemisk tvang (bedøvende kjemikalier av ulik art).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avhandlingens analyse veksler mellom et mikro- og et makronivå. Den dokumenterer tvangsmiddelbrukens omfang og art, og legger frem statistisk materiale som viser utviklingen. Samtidig utforsker avhandlingen hvordan kultur og praksiser for tvangsmiddelbruk ved institusjonene har vært påvirket av den faglige utviklingen i psykiatrien, av faglige og etiske diskusjoner i samfunnet og av endringer i normverk og regelverk. Det sentrale kildematerialet er hentet fra Kriminalasylet og Reitgjerdets institusjonsarkiv. I tillegg har psykiatrifaglige publikasjoner i tidsskrift og lærebøker samt avisdebatter vært viktige kilder.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avhandlingens sentrale argument er at utviklingen i forholdet mellom humanitet, kontroll og tvang ved Reitgjerdet og Kriminalasylet (og i norsk psykiatri generelt) ikke kan forstås som en rettlinjet utvikling fra en fordums inhuman praksis og frem mot nyere tids bedre standarder. På grunn av rollen som spesialinstitusjoner for særlig vanskelige pasienter, var det aksept for at tvangsmiddelbruken ved Kriminalasylet og Reitgjerdet lå langt høyere enn for landet som helhet. Omfanget, legitimeringen og arten av tvangsmiddelbruken og vektleggingen av menneskeverd i behandlingen av psykiatriske pasienter har likevel variert gjennom perioden. Etiske vurderinger om tvangsmiddelbruk på psykiatrisk institusjon var langt mer fremtredende i den psykiatriske fagdiskusjonen i Norge i perioden frem til 1930 enn i etterkrigstiårene. Et tydelig eksempel er hvor sterkt idealet om ingen bruk av mekanisk tvang stod i den norske sinnssykepleien fra slutten av 1800-tallet frem til rundt 1930. Selv om praksis ikke alltid var i tråd med idealene, lå det til grunn for driften også ved Kriminalasylet og Reitgjerdet, noe som står i kontrast til den rutinemessige bruken av reimseng som senere skulle bli praksis ved Reitgjerdet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I den nasjonale hukommelsen huskes Reitgjerdet i dag på grunn av de kritikkverdige forholdene som ble avdekket på slutten av 1970-tallet. Samfunnets normer og krav til landets lukkede omsorgsinstitusjoner var da i endring. Under det som ble kjent som Reitgjerdet-saken ble søkelyset blant annet satt på bruken av tvangsmidler. Denne hadde økt dramatisk siden begynnelsen av 1960-tallet. I avhandlingen argumenteres det for at Reitgjerdet-saken hadde sin årsak ikke bare i samfunnets forsterkede krav til humane standarder i psykiatrisk behandling, men også i en etisk utgliding og konkret negativ praksisutvikling ved institusjonen i årene forut.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Summary&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Ph.D. thesis is a study of use of coercive measures and the relation between these coercive practices and the ideal of humane treatment at the two Norwegian psychiatric institutions Kriminalasylet and Reitgjerdet Hospital for the period 1895 to 1978. Both were national special institutions for criminal and/or especially dangerous or challenging male patients. Both were situated in the city of Trondheim, and their histories are closely intertwined.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The topic of coercion illustrates what has always been psychiatry&amp;rsquo;s double and overlapping challenge: to treat mental illness and provide care for its patients while at the same time protect the patients, its personnel and society in general against the potentially dangerous actions caused by the patients&amp;#39; conditions. Use of coercion is and has always been psychiatry&amp;rsquo;s most important means of control. Patients can be involuntary hospitalized to a psychiatric institution, and psychiatric in-patients can be submitted to coercive measures such as seclusion, mechanical restraints and chemical/pharmacological restraints.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This topic is studied and discussed on both a micro and macro level in the thesis. It documents the character of the coercive measures and presents statistical data on the historical use of coercion. At the same time, the thesis discusses how cultures and practices at the institutions were influenced by changing attitudes within the psychiatric community, by the scientific and ethical discourse in society in general and by changes in norms and regulations. The main source material has been Kriminalasylet and Reitgjerdet&amp;rsquo;s institutional archives, as well as newspaper debates and psychiatric journals and textbooks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In general, the use of coercion at Kriminalasylet and Reitgjerdet was above the national average throughout the period. Because of their status as national special institutions for dangerous and difficult male patients, this was mostly accepted. The character of the coercive measures, and the extent and the legitimization of their use did however change. The thesis&amp;rsquo; main argument is that concerns for humane treatment in relation to the challenges of controlling the patient population through use of coercive measures shifted throughout the period. Certainly, there was not a linear development of steadily higher ethical standards. Ethical concerns connected to the treatment and controlling practices seemed to be a lot more present at the beginning of the century than in the post-war decades. One clear example of this is the strong position of the no-restraint ideal in Norwegian institutional psychiatry from the end of the 19th century and throughout the 1920s. Even if practices did not always align with the ideals, the no-restraint program also heavily influenced operations at Kriminalasylet and Reitgjerdet. This is in contrast to the routinely use of belt restraints that later would be common practice at Reitgjerdet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reitgjerdet is today remembered mostly due to the critique worthy practices and treatment conditions that were uncovered at the hospital in the late 1970s. This was to be known as the Reitgjerdet scandal. Society had during the decade developed higher ethical standards and a new interest in what was actually going on behind the walls of its closed institutions. In the thesis it is argued that the Reitgjerdet scandal in addition was caused by negative developments at the hospital from the early 1960s onwards. The institution&amp;rsquo;s ethical awareness deteriorated and one of the consequences was a dramatic increase in use of coercive measures. The thesis discusses the internal and external explaining factors for this development.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doctor Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsinnleggelse, tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>36</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raknerud, Kristin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thevakumar, Thivyia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hvordan kan sykepleier redusere opplevelsen av tvang til pasienter med schizofreni under skjerming i psykiatrisk enhet?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skjerming</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2672430</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NTNU, Institutt for helsevitenskap</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gjøvik</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h5&gt;Sammendrag&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kort beskrivelse av bacheloroppgaven:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hvert år er det mange tvangsvedtak som blir fattet i psykisk helsevern, og det er dokumentert hvor mange som blir skjermet. Noe som ikke er like mye dokumentert er hvor mange, eller omfanget av pasienter med diagnosen schizofreni som opplever mer tvang enn nødvendig i skjermede omgivelser i psykisk helsevern. Skjerming er å ivareta og beskytte pasienten, men også å hjelpe pasienten til indre samling, beskytte medpasienter, og gi personalet mer oversikt over pasientens tilstand.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hensikten med denne bacheloroppgaven er å synliggjøre hvordan sykepleieren kan redusere opplevelsen av tvang til pasienter med schizofreni under skjerming i psykiatrisk enhet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oppgavens metode består av en systematisk fremgangsmåte, som er benyttet for å samle informasjon og kunnskap for å belyse vår problemstilling. Vi har valgt databasene Svemed+, Cinahl og Scopus, som resulterte i 5 kvalitative vitenskapelige studier.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Funn gjort i forskningslitteratur og annen litteratur viser at pasientens grunnleggende behov blir satt på prøve under skjermede omgivelser. Det vises å være flere etiske, juridiske og mellommenneskelige utfordringer under behandlingen. Det er utfordrende å benytte tvang til pasienter med schizofreni, hvor praksisen kan ligge i grenseland mellom lovlig og ulovlig praksis. Funn tyder på at prioritering av aktivitetstilbud øker pasientens rett til selvbestemmelse og bevegelsesfrihet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Short description of the bachelor thesis:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every year there are many compulsory interventions that are made in mental health care, and it is documented how many are screened. Something that is not as well documented is how many, or the extent of patients with schizophrenia in mental health care who experience more coercion than necessary in a sheltered environment in mental health care. Seclusion is to look after and protect the patient, but also to help the patient to inner collection, protect fellow patients, and give the staff more overview of the patient&amp;#39;s condition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to highlight how the nurse can reduce the experience of compulsion for patients with schizophrenia during seclusion in a psychiatric unit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The assignment&amp;#39;s method consists of a systematic approach, which is used to gather information and knowledge to elucidate our problem. We have selected the databases Svemed +, Cinahl and Scopus, which resulted in 5 qualitative scientific studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Findings in research literature and other literature show that the patient&amp;#39;s basic needs are being put to the test during seclusion. There appear to be several ethical, legal and interpersonal challenges during treatment. Forcing patients with schizophrenia where the practice can lie in the borderlands between legal and illegal practice is challenging. Findings suggest that prioritizing activity offers increases a patient&amp;#39;s right to self-determination and freedom of movement.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bachelor Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wormdahl, Irene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Husum, Tonje Lossius</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rugkåsa, Jorun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rise, Marit B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Professionals' perspectives on factors within primary mental health services that can affect pathways to involuntary psychiatric admissions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int J Ment Health Syst.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Involuntary admission</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kommunehelsetjeneste</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental health recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental health services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary mental health care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primærhelsetjeneste</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychiatry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678112/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Reducing involuntary psychiatric admissions has been on the international human rights and health policy agenda for years. Despite the last decades&amp;#39; shift towards more services for adults with severe mental illness being provided in the community, most research on how to reduce involuntary admissions has been conducted at secondary health care level. Research from the primary health care level is largely lacking. The aim of this study was to explore mental health professionals&amp;#39; experiences with factors within primary mental health services that might increase the risk of involuntary psychiatric admissions of adults, and their views on how such admissions might be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Qualitative semi-structured interviews with thirty-two mental health professionals from five Norwegian municipalities. Data were analysed according to the Systematic Text Condensation method.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Within primary mental health care professionals experienced that a number of factors could increase the risk of involuntary psychiatric admissions. Insufficient time and flexibility in long-term follow-up, limited resources, none or arbitrary use of crisis plans, lack of tailored housing, few employment opportunities, little diversity in activities offered, limited opportunities for voluntary admissions, inadequate collaboration between services and lack of competence were some of the factors mentioned to increase the risk of involuntary psychiatric admissions. Several suggestions on how involuntary psychiatric admissions might be avoided were put forward.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Mental health professionals within primary mental health care experienced that their services might play an active part in preventing the use of involuntary psychiatric admissions, suggesting potential to facilitate a reduction by intervening at this service level. Health authorities&amp;#39; incentives to reduce involuntary psychiatric admissions should to a greater extent incorporate the primary health care level. Further research is needed on effective interventions and comprehensive models adapted for this care level.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabben, Magne Brekke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomassen, Øyvind</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler i norsk psykiatri ca. 1900–1950</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykiatrihistorie</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reitgjerdet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sikkerhetspsykiatri</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.idunn.no/ht/2020/02/tvangsmidler_i_norsk_psykiatri_ca_19001950</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NTNU, Institutt for moderne samfunnshistorie</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trondheim</style></pub-location><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">issn.1504-2944-2020-02-05</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p id=&quot;G1208655540&quot;&gt;Artikkelen gjør en historisk analyse av institusjonspsykiatriens etiske og faglige vurderinger og praksiser vedrørende tvangsmiddelbruk i perioden 1900&amp;ndash;1950. Artikkelen studerer den faglige debatten om tvang slik den har fremstått i læreverk i sinnssykepleie og den psykiatrifaglige debatten i perioden samt konkret praksis ved Reitgjerdet asyl fra åpningen i 1923. Reitgjerdet var en spesialinstitusjon for kriminelle og særlig vanskelige mannlige pasienter, men endte også opp med å ta imot og behandle pasienter som ikke tilfredsstilte de særskilte inntakskriteriene. Reitgjerdet hadde derfor en del spesielle utfordringer, men samtidig mange fellestrekk med landets regulære psykiatriske institusjoner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;G825843807&quot;&gt;Artikkelens hovedpoeng er at den norske psykiatriske profesjonen ved starten av perioden knyttet den vitenskapelige psykiatriens opprinnelse til opplysningstidens humanisering av sinnssykebehandlingen og et mål om total avskaffelse av mekanisk tvang. Isolasjon og kjemiske tvangsmidler ble regnet som de mest humane alternativene. Fra 1940-tallet var imidlertid mekaniske tvangsmidler foretrukket, og artikkelen diskuterer årsaker til endringene.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doctor Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsinnleggelse, tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramstad, HS</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">En diskusjon om fenomenet tvang og hvilke tiltak som medvirker til en reduksjon i bruk av tvang i psykisk helsevern</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fenomen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reduksjon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">redusere</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tiltak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Psykologisk institutt</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Oppgaven er en utredningsstudie av fenomenet tvang i offentlig psykisk helsevern, samt en diskusjon om hvilke tiltak som medvirker til reduksjon i bruk av tvang. Problemstillingen blir belyst ved en gjennomgang av sentral teori og forskning på området. Jeg har intervjuet tre personer med nøkkelfunksjoner i psykisk helsevern, for å undersøke mer detaljert og erfaringsnært hvilke tiltak som er effektive for å redusere tvangsbruk og hvor utfordringene ligger. Bakgrunnen for valg av litteraturgjennomgang kombinert med intervjuer, var et ønske om å komme kvalitativt nærmere hvilke faktorer som har reell effekt. Funn i oppgaven viser at en klar definering av tvang er vanskelig. Det er klare definisjoner i lovgivningen, men hvordan de enkelte tvangsmidlene blir utført av ansatte er vanskelig å måle. Dette har blant annet medført at det har vært vanskelig å forske på effekten av tvang. Man ser at bruken av tvang varierer innad i Norge og mellom ulike land. Forskjeller i registreringen av tvangsbruk og forskjeller i lovverket som gir adgang til tvangsbruk, kan være noen av årsakene til disse ulikhetene. Med hensyn til hvilke faktorer som medvirker til reduksjon av tvang finner jeg at mange av de samme områdene vektlegges i teori, funn i forskning og i intervjuene jeg har foretatt. De mest fremtredende faktorene som støttes fra begge hold er personlige kvaliteter hos de ansatte og behandlerne. Empati, evne til å lytte med et åpent sinn, kjennskap til de ulike lidelsene, kjennskap til eget reaksjonsmønster og et ekte ønske om å forstå pasienten medvirker til at ansatte virker trygge. Dette vil igjen kunne ha en positiv effekt på pasienter som er nervøse eller paranoide, og bidra til at tvangsbruk i mindre grad blir nødvendig. Brukermedvirkning er et annet element som viser seg å ha god støtte fra både forskning og fra folk som jobber med å redusere tvang i det daglige. En pasient som føler seg sett og forstått, vil lettere kunne bli rolig og trygg. Tidlige tiltak for å forebygge at situasjoner i det hele tatt oppstår, er en viktig rutine ved mottak av nye pasienter. Endrede rutiner på arbeidssteder som et ledd i å redusere tvang kan bli møtt med skepsis blant ansatte, og det er viktig å være tålmodig i starten for å se om et tiltak har effekt eller ikke. Jeg har ikke hatt anledning til å intervjue pasienter. Dette gir en begrensning i min studie, da informasjon og erfaringer fra de som kjenner tvangsbruken på kroppen er viktig i en diskusjon om hva som skal til for å redusere tvang i psykisk helsevern. Jeg viser i oppgaven at det finnes noe forskning på dette.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsinnleggelse, tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magne Brekke Rabben</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Øyvind Thomassen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humane treatment versus means of control: coercive measures in Norwegian high-security psychiatry, 1895–1978</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">History of Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forensic psychiatry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-security</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0957154X19867256</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This article analyses the use of coercive measures in two national institutions for high-security psychiatry in Norway &amp;ndash; Kriminalasylet (Criminal Asylum) and Reitgjerdet &amp;ndash; during the period 1895&amp;ndash;1978. Historical study of coercion in psychiatry is a fruitful approach to new insight into the moral and ethical considerations within the institutions. We approach the topic through a qualitative study of patient case files and ward reports from the institutions&amp;rsquo; archives, as well as a comprehensive quantification of the coercive measures used. The data show shifting considerations of humane treatment and changes in the respect for human dignity in the institutions&amp;rsquo; practices. They also show that technological developments, such as the introduction of new psychopharmaceuticals, did not necessarily lead to higher standards of treatment.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historical </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424</style></section><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler, Tvangsinnleggelse, Tvangsbehandling</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabben, Magne Brekke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomassen, Øyvind</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humanitet, kontroll og tvang ved Kriminalasylet 1895–1915</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kriminalasylet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykiatrihistorie</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sikkerhetspsykiatri</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.idunn.no/ht/2019/01/humanitet_kontroll_og_tvang_ved_kriminalasylet_18951915</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NTNU, Institutt for moderne samfunnshistorie</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trondheim</style></pub-location><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">issn.1504-2944-2019-01-05</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Artikkelen analyserer tvang ved Kriminalasylet under asylets to første bestyrere, Waldemar Bødtker og Hans Evensen, i perioden 1895&amp;ndash;1915. Kriminalasylet var en spesialinstitusjon for mannlige kriminelle sinnssyke, og hadde som oppgave både å være en behandlingsanstalt og å sikre samfunnet fra potensielt farlige pasienter. Derfor hadde asylet i praksis en posisjon tilhørende både sinnssykeomsorgen og fengselsvesenet. Det var formelt en medisinsk institusjon, men ansvaret var lagt under Justisdepartementet. Artikkelen argumenterer for at bestyrerne av denne grunn hadde en todelt tilnærming til tvangsmiddelbruk. De fleste pasientene opplevde en hverdag i tråd med psykiatriens daværende idealer om human behandling, samtidig som enkeltpasienter som ble oppfattet som spesielt farlige, levde under et meget strengt tvangsregime med kontrollmetoder hentet fra fengselsvesenet. Dette illustreres gjennom pasienthistorier. Studien bygger blant annet på pasientjournaler og avdelingsrapporter fra asylets arkiv.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doctor Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsinnleggelse, tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torleif Ruud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maren Rognaldsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espen Woldsengen Haugom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torfinn Hynnekleiv</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hva er skjerming? Utvikling av kunnskapsbasert og pålitelig måling av skjerming i døgnavdelinger i psykisk helsevern</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Innhold</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Måling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skjerming</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.akuttnettverket.no/file/rapportmaaleskjemaomskjerming2019medvedlegg.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akuttnettverket.no</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Resultatene fra &amp;laquo;skjermingsprosjektet&amp;raquo; presenteres herved for både dem som har deltatt i prosjektet, for andre i Akuttnettverket, og for andre som er interessert i hva som skjer under skjerming og i hvordan skjerming kan brukes optimalt. Arbeidet med prosjektet har vært omfattende og ble mer tidkrevende og langvarig enn vi hadde forutsett under planleggingen. Dette skyldes delvis at utprøvingen av måleverktøyet ble krevende med flere runder for å få samlet inn nok data og analysert disse. Det skyldes også delvis endring i arbeidssituasjon for medlemmene i prosjektgruppa og at andre oppgaver måtte prioriteres. Dette gjelder særlig prosjektleder. Det er mange personer som har bidratt i ulike faser. Vi takker dere som i første fase skrev de fyldige beskrivelsene av skjermingsforløp som la grunnlaget for identifisering av elementer i skjerming. Vi takker dere som i to Delphi-runder gjorde vurderinger av operasjonaliserte elementer for å oppnå konsensus om elementene i skjerming. Vi takker dere som i en eller flere runder av utprøvingen av skjema brukte tid på å skåre skjerminger der dere arbeidet. Vi takker dere i referansegruppa som deltok i drøftinger i faser der det var viktig med flere perspektiver i de beslutninger som skulle tas, og dere i FOU-avdeling psykisk helsevern ved Ahus som bidro med mye merkantil og annen praktisk hjelp i ulike faser av prosjektet. Denne dugnaden har vært viktig både for å komme fram til resultatet som vi hadde som mål: Et kunnskapsbasert og pålitelig måleskjema for skjerming. Men dugnaden har også vært viktig fordi resultatet bygger på praksis, erfaringer og vurderinger gjort av et bredt sammensatt utvalg av døgnavdelinger innen psykisk helsevern for voksne.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Konsensus Report</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler, Skjerming</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ekaterina Sharashova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav Nyttingnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tore Buer Christensen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann-Torunn Andersen Austegard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Løvsletten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørn Lau</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Out-patient commitment order use in Norway: incidence and prevalence rates, duration and use of mental health services from the Norwegian Outpatient Commitment Study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BJPsych Open</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community Treatment Order</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OCT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Outpatient commitment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160252718301900</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec_a1title&quot;&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p1&quot;&gt;Norway authorised out-patient commitment in 1961, but there is a lack of representative and complete data on the use of out-patient commitment orders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec_a2title&quot;&gt;Aims&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p2&quot;&gt;To establish the incidence and prevalence rates on the use of out-patient commitment in Norway, and how these vary across service areas. Further, to study variations in out-patient commitment across service areas, and use of in-patient services before and after implementation of out-patient commitment orders. Finally, to identify determinants for the duration of out-patient commitment orders and time to readmission.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec_a3title&quot;&gt;Method&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p3&quot;&gt;Retrospective case register study based on medical files of all patients with an out-patient commitment order in 2008&amp;ndash;2012 in six catchment areas in Norway, covering one-third of the Norwegian population aged 18 years or more. For a subsample of patients, we recorded use of in-patient care 3 years before and after their first-ever out-patient commitment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec_a4title&quot;&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p4&quot;&gt;Annual incidence varied between 20.7 and 28.4, and prevalence between 36.5 and 48.9, per 100 000 population aged 18 years or above. Rates differed significantly between catchment areas. Mean out-patient commitment duration was 727 days (s.d. = 889). Use of in-patient care decreased significantly in the 3 years after out-patient commitment compared with the 3 years before. Use of antipsychotic medication through the whole out-patient commitment period and fewer in-patient episodes in the 3 years before out-patient commitment predicted longer time to readmission.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec_a5title&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p5&quot;&gt;Mechanisms behind the pronounced variations in use of out-patient commitment between sites call for further studies. Use of in-patient care was significantly reduced in the 3 years after a first-ever out-patient commitment order was made.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec_a6title&quot;&gt;Declaration of interest&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;__p6&quot;&gt;None.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sep; 5(5): e75</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristian Kise Haugland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thea Røstbakken</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">God fagutøvelse hindrer ikke overgrep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagutøvelse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Overgrep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://tidsskriftet.no/2018/05/kommentar/god-fagutovelse-hindrer-ikke-overgrep</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kommentar</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuen, HK</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landheim, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rugkåsa, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wynn, R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How clinicians make decisions about CTOs in ACT: a qualitative study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of  Mental Health Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community Treatment Order</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CTO</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-018-0230-2</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND:&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first 12 Norwegian assertive community treatment (ACT) teams were piloted from 2009 to 2011. Of the 338 patients included during the teams&amp;#39; first year of operation, 38% were subject to community treatment orders (CTOs). In Norway as in many other Western countries, the use of CTOs is relatively high despite lack of robust evidence for their effectiveness. The purpose of the present study was to explore how responsible clinicians reason and make decisions about the&amp;nbsp;continued use of CTOs, recall to hospital and the&amp;nbsp;discontinuation of CTOs within an ACT setting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;METHODS:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;Semi-structured interviews with eight responsible clinicians combined with patient case files and observations of treatment planning meetings. The data were analysed using a modified grounded theory approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;The participants emphasized that being part of a multidisciplinary team with shared caseload responsibility that provides intensive services over long periods of time allowed for more nuanced assessments and more flexible treatment solutions on CTOs. The treatment criterion was typically used to justify the need for CTO. There was substantial variation in the responsible clinicians&amp;#39; legal interpretation of dangerousness, and some clinicians applied the dangerousness criterion more than others.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to the clinicians, many patients subject to CTOs were referred from hospitals and high security facilities, and decisions regarding the continuation of CTOs typically involved multiple and interacting risk factors. While patients&amp;#39; need for treatment was most often applied to justify the need for CTOs, in some cases the&amp;nbsp;use of CTOs was described as a tool to contain dangerousness and prevent harm.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuen, HK</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landheim, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rugkåsa, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wynn, R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responsibilities with conflicting priorities: a qualitative study of ACT providers' experiences with community treatment orders</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Health Services Research (Open Access)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community Treatment Order</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-018-3097-7</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">290</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h4&gt;BACKGROUND:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patients with severe mental illness may be subjected to Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) in order to secure that the patients adhere to treatment. Few studies have investigated the use of CTOs within an Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) setting, and little is known about how the tension between the patients&amp;#39; autonomy and the clinicians&amp;#39; responsibility to act in the patients&amp;#39; best interest are resolved in practice. The aim of this study was to explore the service providers&amp;#39; experiences with CTOs within an ACT setting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;METHODS:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study was based on reviews of case files of 15 patients, eight individual qualitative in depth interviews and four focus group interviews with service providers involved in ACT and decisions related to CTOs. A modified grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;The main theme &amp;#39;responsibility with conflicting priorities&amp;#39; emerged from data analysis (case file reviews, individual interviews and focus group interviews). The balance between coercive approaches and the emphasis on promoting patient autonomy was seen as problematic. The participants saw few alternatives to CTOs as long-term measures to secure ongoing treatment for some of the patients. However, participants perceived the ACT model&amp;#39;s comprehensive scope as an opportunity to build rapport with patients and thereby better meet their needs. The team approach, the ACT providers&amp;#39; commitment to establish supportive relationships and the frequent meetings with patients in their home environment were highlighted. The ACT approach gave them insight into patients&amp;#39; everyday lives and, in some cases a greater sense of security when considering whether to take patients off CTOs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;Many of the participants viewed CTOs as helpful in securing long-term treatment for patients. CTO decision-making was described as challenging and complex and presented the providers with many dilemmas. The ACT approach was considered as helpful in that it afforded comprehensive, patient-centered support and opportunities to build rapport.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memona Rehman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Should Dignity be Compromised?- Contextualizing the Relation Between Coercive Treatment and Dignity, from the Perspective of Persons with Experience from Norwegian Mental Health Care Facilities.</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coercive treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dignity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human rights</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitetet i Sør-Norge</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kongsberg</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Research reveals that there is a lack of studies done from the perspective of people with experience from mental health care facilities, regarding their perception of coercive treatment. International legislation justifies human rights through the concept of human dignity, which lays a foundation for its&amp;rsquo; relevance in this study. International organisations also advocate for reducing the enforcement of coercive treatment in mental health care facilities. This research project examines the possible impact coercive treatment may have on the dignity of persons in mental health care treatment, seen from their own perspective. The study explores relevant academic literature on the topic of coercion and develop an understanding of dignity through selected elements of Kantian- inspired theories. The relation between coercive treatment and dignity is further discussed to answer the research questions. By illustrating the situation of persons, through their own perspective, the study aims to give them a voice in decision making regarding the coercive treatment that are enforced upon them.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erfaringsbaserte</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jorun Rugkåsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav Nyttingnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tone Breines Simonsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jūratė Šaltytė Benth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørn Lau</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Løvsletteng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tore Buer Christensen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann-Torunn Andersen Austegard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of outpatient commitment in Norway: Who are the patients and what does it involve?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community psychiatry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community Treatment Order</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Outpatient commitment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252718301900</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div&gt;Purpose&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Despite one of the longest histories of using Outpatient Commitment (OC), little is known about the use in the Norwegian context. Reporting from the Norwegian Outpatient Commitment Study, this article aims to: establish the profile of the OC population in Norway; ascertain the legal justification for the use of OC and what OC involves for patients; investigate possible associations between selected patient and service characteristics and duration of OC, and; explore potential differences based on gender or rurality.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Methods&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A retrospective multi-site study, extracting data from the medical records of all patients on OC in six large regional hospitals in 2008&amp;ndash;12, with detailed investigation over 36 months of the subsample of patients on first ever OC-order in 2008&amp;ndash;09. We use descriptive statistics to establish the profile of the OC population and the legal justification for and the content of OC, and logistic regression to examine factors associated with duration of OC over 36 months.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Results&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1414 patients were on OC over the 5 years, and 274 had their first OC in 2008&amp;ndash;09. The sample included more men than woman, and three-quarters were diagnosed with schizophrenia. They had long service histories, including involuntary admissions. The legal justification for all OC-orders was the need for treatment, and 18% were additionally justified by dangerousness. The option to initiate OC directly from the community was not used in any of the 274 first ever OC-orders. While 98% of patients were prescribed psychotropic medication, under half had an Involuntary Treatment Order, which under the Norwegian OC regime is required in addition to the OC-order to oblige patients to accept treatment (usually medication). 60% of patients had &amp;ge;2 clinical contacts monthly. There were some gender differences in descriptive analyses with men generally being worse off, but no clear pattern in terms of rurality. Patients in the sample had been on OC between one week and 20 years. The median duration of OC over 36 months was 365 days. Three factors contributed to longer duration: the use of the dangerousness criterion; a diagnosis of schizophrenia disorder, and; considerable problems with substance abuse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Conclusion&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The characteristics of the OC population in Norway are very similar to that reported in other jurisdictions. Medication seems to be the central focus of OC, yet additional Involuntary Treatment Orders are imposed for less than half of patients. While all OC-orders were justified by the need to ensure treatment, risk seems to be a concern for a subgroup of patients who are kept on for longer. How the 2017 amendment to the mental health act, which precludes compulsion for competent patients unless danger is present, will affect OC use, remains to be seen. Further studies should specifically focus on variation in the use of OC, including at the level of individual clinicians.&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reidar Pedersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Per Nortvedt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldbjørg Ribe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Keeping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk i psykiske helsetjenester</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gyldendal akademisk</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-82-05-48163-3</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ketil Røtvold</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolf Wynn</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How involuntary admission might have been avoided: An interview study of referring general practitioners</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reitan, Solveig Klæbo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helvik, Anne-Sofie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iversen, Valentina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of mechanical and pharmacological restraint over an eight-year period and its relation to clinical factors</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pharmacological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restraint</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08039488.2017.1373854</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Use of restraint and finding the balance between security and ethics is a continuous dilemma in clinical psychiatry. In daily clinic and in planning health-care service, knowledge on the characteristics of restraint situations is necessary to optimize its use and avoid abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;We describe characteristics in the use of pharmacological and mechanical restraint in psychiatric acute wards in a hospital in Middle Norway over an eight-year period. Data on all cases of mechanical and pharmacological restraint from 2004 to 2011 were retrospectively collected from hand-written protocols. Complementary information on the patients was obtained from the hospital patient administrative system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Restraint in acute wards was used on 13 persons per 100,000 inhabitants annually. The percentage of admitted patients exposed to restraint was 1.7%, with a mean of 4.5 cases per exposed patient. Frequency per 100 admitted patients varied from 3.7 (in 2007) to 10 (in 2009). The majority of restraint cases concerned male patients under 50 years and with substance-abuse, psychotic, or affective disorders. Significantly more coercive means were used during daytime compared to night and morning. There was a significant increase in pharmacological coercion during spring and mechanical coercion during summer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Restraint was used on 1.7% of admitted patients, representing 13 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Use of restraint was higher during certain periods of the day and was associated with the patient&amp;rsquo;s diagnosis, age, gender, and legal status of hospitalization. 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W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suffering related to dignity among patients at a psychiatric hospital</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nursing Ethics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dignity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychiatric hospital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Q-methodology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suffering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://nej.sagepub.com/content/21/2/148.full.pdf+html</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-62</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0969-7330</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Stord/Haugesund University College, Norway.</style></auth-address><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Riley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geir F Lorem</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">‘When coercion moves into your home’ – a qualitative study of patient experiences with outpatient commitment in Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health &amp; Social Care in the Community</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hsc.12107/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roaldset, J. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartvig, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørkly, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can lipid analysis help identify repeatedly violent patients after discharge from acute psychiatry?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychiatry Research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study of 196 patients discharged from an acute psychiatric ward, 11 patients (6%) were identified as exhibiting repeated violence and having frequent readmissions. Compared with non-violent patients and those with only one violent post-discharge episode, repeatedly violent patients were significantly characterised by male gender, higher rates of previous threats of violence, lack of empathy, more severe violence during follow-up, and lower high-density lipoprotein levels. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annet</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunn Helen Kristiansen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siv Helen Rydheim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Else Merete Thyness (red.)</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drøm i  våken tilstand</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ask.bibsys.no/ask/action/show?kid=biblio&amp;cmd=reload&amp;pid=132113120</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstrakt 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face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hilde Tinderholt Myrhaug</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kjetil Gundro Brurberg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Therese Kristine Dalsbø</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liv Merete Reinar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effekt av tiltak for å redusere tvangsbruk i psykisk helsevern for voksne</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.kunnskapssenteret.no/publikasjoner/effekt-av-tiltak-for-a-redusere-tvangsbruk-i-psykisk-helsevern-for-voksne</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for 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size="100%">Ketil Røtvold</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolf Wynn</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors of importance to involuntary admission</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08039488.2011.611252</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siv Helen Rydheim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelser som praksis kan ikke fortsette</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blogg</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://sivhelenrydheim.blogspot.no/2012/12/tvangsinnleggelser-som-praksis-kan-ikke.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erfaringsbaserte</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rødby, Else Marie Tveit</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvungent psykisk helsevern : Avveiningen mellom hensynet til enkeltmenneskets rett til å bestemme over eget liv, og samfunnets behov for vern fra psykisk syke som setter andres liv eller helse i fare</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enkeltmennesket</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">helse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liv</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">samfunnet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samfunnsvern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvungent psykisk helsevern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/35543/4/173163.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det juridiske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Tema for oppgaven er samfunnsvernet ved etablering av tvungent psykisk helsevern.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oppgaven dreier seg om forholdet mellom administrativt vedtak om tvungent psykisk helsevern etter psykisk helsevernloven nr. 62 av 2. juli 1999 (forkortet phvl.) &amp;sect; 3-3, og dom på overføring til tvungent psykisk helsevern i Straffeloven nr. 10 av 22. mai 1902 (forkortet strl.) &amp;sect; 39.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oppgaven belyser avveiningen mellom hensynet til enkeltmenneskets rett til å bestemme over eget liv, og samfunnets behov for vern fra alvorlig psykisk syke som setter andre mennesker i fare.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ida Marie Ringerud</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ETISKE UTFORDRINGER I MØTE MED SELVSKADING</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etiske utfordringer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selvskading</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/29490/ProsjektoppgavexMedisin.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det medisinske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Bakgrunn: Selvskading er et vanlig forekommende symptom blant mange unge, og det kan være vanskelig å vite hvordan man bør behandle det og reagere på det for helsepersonell som møter selvskading. Jeg ønsket å finne ut hva man vet om villet selvskade i Norge, og drøfte de juridiske og etiske aspektene ved de ulike behandlingsalternativene.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Materiale og metode: For å få kunnskap om norske forhold har jeg lest artikler og lærebøker skrevet av ledende klinikere og forskere, samt søkt i PubMed om behandlingsstrategier. For å få kunnskap om etiske prinsipper har jeg satt meg inn i anbefalt litteratur i medisinsk etikk ved Universitetet i Oslo. Jeg har videre anvendt de relevante norske helselovene for å belyse de juridiske aspektene.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Resultater: Selvskading forekommer hos 10 % av norske 15- og 16-åringer. Det er vanligvis ikke et uttrykk for suicidalitet, men suicidrisikoen er økt bland selvskadere. Selvskading er en mestringsstrategi for å håndtere vanskelige emosjoner, og holdes vanligvis skjult. Det er uenighet om hvilke behandlingsstrategier som er å foretrekke, og det fins ingen retningslinjer. Juridisk er forholdene omkring autonomi, plikt til å yte nødvendig helsehjelp og bruk av tvangsmidler ikke helt klare. Etisk er det flere viktige prinsipper som brytes i alle behandlingsalternativer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tolkning: Når behandling skal velges, må viktige etiske prinsipper vektes mot hverandre. Det beste valget etisk sett er det som bryter færrest prinsipper og forårsaker minst skade, alle forhold tatt i betraktning. Prinsippet om autonomi kan ofte komme i konflikt med plikten til å redde liv.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Background: Deliberate self-injury is a common symptom in many youths, and it can be difficult to know how treat it and react to it for the health personnel that are set to care for the patients. I wanted to find out what is known about deliberate self-injury in Norway, and discuss the legal and ethical aspects in different treatment options.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Material and Methods: To get an overview on Norwegian conditions, I have read and studied various articles and books produced by leading clinicians and researchers, and searched in PubMed on treatment options. To learn more about ethical principles I have studied the recommended curriculum of Medical Ethics at UiO. I have used the relevant Norwegian health laws to illuminate the legal aspects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results: Deliberate self-injury is found to occur in 10 % of Norwegian 15 and 16 year olds. It is usually not an expression of suicidality, but suicide risk is increased among self-injurers. Self-injury is a coping strategy to deal with difficult emotions, and is mostly kept secret. There is disagreement when it comes to treatment strategies, and there are no guidelines. Legally the conditions on autonomy, obligations of providing necessary health care and use of cohesive means are not clear. Ethically there are important principles that are violated in all treatment options.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interpretation: When treatment is to be chosen, important ethical principles must be balanced against each other. The best ethical option violates fewest principles and causes least harm, all conditions considered. 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