<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne-Marthe Rustad Indregard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hans Martin Nussle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milada Hagan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Per Olav Vandvik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Teli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakov Gather</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikolaj Kunøe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open-door policy versus treatment-as-usual in urban psychiatric inpatient wards: a pragmatic, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial in Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38460529/</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;h2&gt;Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Open-door policy is a recommended framework to reduce coercion in psychiatric wards. However, existing observational data might not fully capture potential increases in harm and use of coercion associated with open-door policies. In this first randomised controlled trial, we compared coercive practices in open-door policy and treatment-as-usual wards in an urban hospital setting. We hypothesised that the open-door policy would be non-inferior to treatment-as-usual on the proportion of patients exposed to coercive measures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;We conducted a pragmatic, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial comparing two open-door policy wards and three treatment-as-usual acute psychiatric wards at Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital in Oslo, Norway. An exemption from the consent requirements enabled inclusion and random allocation of all patients admitted to these wards using an open list (2:3 ratio) administrated by a team of ward nurses. The primary outcome was the proportion of patient stays with one or more coercive measures, including involuntary medication, isolation or seclusion, and physical and mechanical restraints. The non-inferiority margin was set to 15%. Primary and safety analyses were assessed using the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN registry and is complete, ISRCTN16876467.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Between Feb 10, 2021, and Feb 1, 2022, we randomly assigned 556 patients to either open-door policy wards (n=245; mean age 41&amp;middot;6 [SD 14&amp;middot;5] years; 119 [49%] male; 126 [51%] female; and 180 [73%] admitted to the ward involuntarily) or treatment-as-usual wards (n=311; mean age 41&amp;middot;6 [4&amp;middot;3] years; 172 [55%] male and 138 [45%] female; 233 [75%] admitted involuntarily). Data on race and ethnicity were not collected. The open-door policy was non-inferior to treatment-as-usual on all outcomes: the proportion of patient stays with exposure to coercion was 65 (26&amp;middot;5%) in open-door policy wards and 104 (33&amp;middot;4%) in treatment-as-usual wards (risk difference 6&amp;middot;9%; 95% CI -0&amp;middot;7 to 14&amp;middot;5), with a similar trend for specific measures of coercion. Reported incidents of violence against staff were 0&amp;middot;15 per patient stay in open-door policy wards and 0&amp;middot;18 in treatment-as-usual wards. There were no suicides during the randomised controlled trial period.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpretation:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The open-door policy could be safely implemented without increased use of coercive measures. Our findings underscore the need for more reliable and relevant randomised trials to investigate how a complex intervention, such as open-door policy, can be efficiently implemented across health-care systems and contexts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Funding:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority and The Research Council of Norway.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagfellevurdert artikkel</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">330</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikolaj Kunøe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hans Martin Nussle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne-Marthe Indregard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protocol for the Lovisenberg Open Acute Door Study (LOADS): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial to compare safety and coercion between open-door policy and usual-care services in acute psychiatric inpatients</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMJ open</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult psychiatry; medical ethics; organisation of health services; schizophrenia &amp; psychotic disorders; suicide &amp; self-harm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">åpen dør</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LOADS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovisenberg</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8852761/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The reduction of coercion in psychiatry is a high priority for both the WHO and many member countries. Open-door policy (ODP) is a service model for psychiatric ward treatment that prioritises collaborative and motivational measures to better achieve acute psychiatric safety - and treatment objectives. Keeping the ward main door open is one such measure. Evidence on the impact of ODP on coercion and violent events is mixed, and only one randomised controlled trial (RCT) has previously compared ODP to standard practice. The main objectives of the Lovisenberg Open Acute Door Study (LOADS) are to implement and evaluate a Nordic version of ODP for acute psychiatric inpatient services. The evaluation is designed as a pragmatic RCT with treatment-as-usual (TAU) control followed by a 4-year observational period.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and analysis:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;In this 12-month pragmatic randomised trial, all patients referred to acute ward care will be randomly allocated to either TAU or ODP wards. The primary outcome is the proportion of patient stays with one or more coercive measures. Secondary outcomes include adverse events involving patients and/or staff, substance use and users&amp;#39; experiences of the treatment environment and of coercion. The main hypothesis is that ODP services will not be inferior to state-of-the art psychiatric treatment. ODP and TAU wards are determined via ward-level randomisation. Following conclusion of the RCT, a longitudinal observational phase begins designed to monitor any long-term effects of ODP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ethics and dissemination:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The trial has been approved by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC) in Norway (REC South East #29238), who granted LOADS exemption from consent requirements for all eligible, admitted patients. Data are considered highly sensitive but can be made available on request. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences and meetings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trial registration number:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;ISRCTN16876467.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protocol version:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;1.4, 21 December 2021.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;adult psychiatry; medical ethics; organisation of health services; schizophrenia &amp;amp; psychotic disorders; suicide &amp;amp; self-harm.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>36</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iversen, IK</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruk av mekaniske tvangsmidler i psykisk helsevern</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mekaniske tvangsmidler</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sykepleier</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2669484</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NTNU, Bachelor i sykepleie</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Tittel:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bruk av mekaniske tvangsmidler i psykisk helsevern&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hensikt:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Å øke kunnskapen om bruk av mekaniske tvangsmidler og å identifisere hvordan sykepleieren kan ivareta pasienten under tvangsbruk. Både pasient- og sykepleierperspektivet belyses for å øke forståelsen for begge parter. Sykepleiere har en sentral rolle i utøvelse av tvang, samt i ivaretakelsen av pasienten gjennom hele forløpet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Problemstilling:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;laquo;Hvordan kan sykepleieren ivareta en pasient som er underlagt mekaniske tvangsmidler i psykisk helsevern?&amp;raquo;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Metode:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anvendt metode er litteraturstudie. Oppgaven støtter seg på syv forskningsartikler, relevant pensumlitteratur og annen relevant teori.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Resultat:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sykepleiere står ofte i front når det blir brukt mekaniske tvansmidler, og står overfor mange utfordringer knyttet til dette. De skal ha juridisk dekning for slik bruk og pasientens autonomi og integritet skal ivaretas underveis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Konklusjon:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sykepleiere må sette seg inn i gjeldende lovverk og retningslinjer. De bør ha en pasientrettet holdning med en tanke om at alle mennesker er likeverdig og har universelle rettigheter. Alle hendelser hvor det har blitt utøvd tvang skal evalueres, dokumenteres og presenteres for kontrollkommisjonen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Title:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use of mechanical restraint in mental health care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aim:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim is to increase knowledge about the use of mechanical restraint and to identify how the nurse can take care of a patient while using mechanical restraint. Both nurse- and patient perspective will be presented to understand both parts. Nurses are often the ones who are performing the coercion, and they have a central role in taking care of the patient during the course.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Issue:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;How can nurses take care of a patient during use of mechanical restraint in mental health care?&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Result:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nurses seems to be facing many challenges during use of mechanical restraint. They must have legal coverage that says that they can use restraint, and they need to take care of the patients autonomy and integrity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The nurses needs to know the law and guidelines that regulates mental health care. They should put the patient first, and think that all humans are equal and have the same rights. All episodes where mechanical restraint has been used must be evaluated, documented and presented to the Controll Commission.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bachelor Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reitan, Solveig Klæbo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helvik, Anne-Sofie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iversen, Valentina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of mechanical and pharmacological restraint over an eight-year period and its relation to clinical factors</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pharmacological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restraint</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08039488.2017.1373854</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Use of restraint and finding the balance between security and ethics is a continuous dilemma in clinical psychiatry. In daily clinic and in planning health-care service, knowledge on the characteristics of restraint situations is necessary to optimize its use and avoid abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;We describe characteristics in the use of pharmacological and mechanical restraint in psychiatric acute wards in a hospital in Middle Norway over an eight-year period. Data on all cases of mechanical and pharmacological restraint from 2004 to 2011 were retrospectively collected from hand-written protocols. Complementary information on the patients was obtained from the hospital patient administrative system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Restraint in acute wards was used on 13 persons per 100,000 inhabitants annually. The percentage of admitted patients exposed to restraint was 1.7%, with a mean of 4.5 cases per exposed patient. Frequency per 100 admitted patients varied from 3.7 (in 2007) to 10 (in 2009). The majority of restraint cases concerned male patients under 50 years and with substance-abuse, psychotic, or affective disorders. Significantly more coercive means were used during daytime compared to night and morning. There was a significant increase in pharmacological coercion during spring and mechanical coercion during summer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p xmlns:mml=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; xmlns:oasis=&quot;http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Restraint was used on 1.7% of admitted patients, representing 13 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Use of restraint was higher during certain periods of the day and was associated with the patient&amp;rsquo;s diagnosis, age, gender, and legal status of hospitalization. There was a marked variation over the years.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></section><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentina Cabral Iversen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John E. Berg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R. Småvik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arne Einar Vaaler</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical differences between immigrants voluntarily and involuntarily admitted to acute psychiatric units: a 3‐year prospective study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health NursingJournal of psychiatric and mental health nursing</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut Ivar Iversen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harold C. Sexton</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rates for civil commitment to psychiatric hospitals in Norway. Are registry data accurate?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08039480902730607</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut Ivar Iversen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion in the delivery of mental health services in Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institutt for samfunnsmedisin</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ask.bibsys.no/ask/action/show?pid=080964206&amp;kid=biblio</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitetet i tromsø</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIBSYS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doktor</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut Ivar Iversen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harold C. Sexton</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion and patients atisfaction on psychiatric acute wards</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252707000593</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk, Tvangsmidler, Tvangsbehandling</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arne vaaler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunnar Morken</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Chr Fløvig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentina C Iversen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav M Linaker</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of a psychiatric intensive care unit in an acute psychiatric department</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intensive care unit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">picu</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skjerming</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08039480600583472</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Psychiatric acute units use different levels of segregation to satisfy needs for containment and decrease in sensory input for behaviourally disturbed patients. Controlled studies evaluating the effects of the procedure are lacking. The aim of the present study was to compare effects in acutely admitted patients with the use of a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) and not in a psychiatric acute department. In a naturalistic study, one group of consecutively referred patients had access only to the PICU, the other group to the whole acute unit. Data were obtained for 56 and 62 patients using several scales. There were significant differences in reduction of behaviour associated with imminent, threatening incidents (Broset Violence Checklist), and actual number of such incidents (Staff Observation Aggression Scale-Revised) in favour of the group that was treated in a PICU. The principles of patient segregation in PICUs have favourable effects on behaviours associated with and the actual numbers of violent and threatening incidents.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doktorgradsavhandling</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arne vaaler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunnar Morken</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Chr Fløvig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentina C Iversen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olav M Linaker</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Substance abuse and recovery in a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gen Hospital Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">picu</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rop</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skjerming</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163834305001507?via%3Dihub</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-70</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The purpose of this study is to compare the development in symptoms, behaviors, function and treatment between patients with or without a substance use (SU) diagnose in a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;A total of 118 admitted patients were assessed at admittance, day 3 and discharge from the PICU. Symptoms of psychopathology, therapeutic steps taken, violent episodes and length of patient stay were recorded.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;More males than females received an SU diagnosis. Substance use patients had less psychiatric symptoms at admittance and showed a faster symptom reduction, more favorable and faster improvement of function and a shorter length of stay. Except for symptom reduction and shorter length of stay, these differences were largely due to differences in sex and diagnoses in the two groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;In a naturalistic group of patients in a PICU, SU is associated with favorable outcomes compared to patients not using substances.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doktorgradsavhandling</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentina Iversen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunnar Morken</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differences in acute psychiatric admissions between asylum seekers and refugees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of the study was to examine differences between asylum seekers, living in asylum seekers’ centres, and refugees, who officially have been granted asylum, when they were acutely admitted to a psychiatric hospital. All 53 asylum seekers and 45 refugees, acutely admitted to a Norwegian psychiatric hospital from 1995 to 2001 were included. The number of admissions by coercion, diagnosis, length of hospital stay and years residing in Norway at the time of the admissions were compared between the two groups. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was more frequent among asylum seekers (43.4%) than among refugees (11%), while schizophrenia was more frequent among refugees (62.2%) than among asylum seekers (15%). The refugees (24.4%) were more often admitted by coercion than asylum seekers (11%). The high proportion of PTSD among asylum seekers compared to refugees may be explained by experiences in Norway after arrival into the country. The stresses of life in reception centres and the risk of being expelled from the country may contribute more to these admittances than experiences in the asylum seekers countries of origin.</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut Ivar Iversen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georg Høyer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hal Sexton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ole Kristian Grønli</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perceived coercion among patients admitted to acute wards in Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08039480260389352</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk, Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record></records></xml>