<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veenu Gupta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catrin Eames</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alison Bryant</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beth Greenhill</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laura Golding</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jennifer Day</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Fisher</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying the priorities for supervision by lived experience researchers: a Q sort study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Research involvement and engagement</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lived experience researcher, supervision, Q methodology, reflexivity, identity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25/06/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40900-024-00596-w</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Lived experience researchers draw on their lived and living experiences to either lead on or inform research. Their personal experiences are relevant to the research topic and so they must manage the interplay of their health and healthcare experiences with the research, population, and data they work with, as well as the more general challenges of being a researcher. Lived experience researchers must navigate these dilemmas in addition to queries over their competency, due to issues relating to intersectionality and epistemic injustice. This justifies a motivation to better understand the experiences of lived experience researchers and develop appropriate and personalised supervision based on their preferences and needs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Q methodology was used to identify a collection of identity-related issues that impact lived experience researchers during PhD research in the context of the UK. These issues were presented in the form of 54 statements to 18 lived experience researchers to prioritise as topics to explore in supervision.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Result:&lt;/strong&gt; It was found that lived experiences researchers could be grouped into three distinct factors following an inverted factor analysis: Factor 1: Strengthening my identity, skills, growth, and empowerment; Factor 2: Exploring the emotional and relational link I have with the research and Factor 3: Navigating my lived and professional experiences practically and emotionally. The findings suggest that there may be three types of lived experience researchers, each with different needs from supervision, suggesting the population is heterogeneous.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The research identified a deeper understanding of the needs of lived experience researchers and highlights the importance of personalised supervision according to the individual needs of the researcher and their preferences for supervision. The findings reinforce the importance of integrating a clinical dimension into supervision to support the needs of all lived experience researchers.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>36</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tella Lantta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joy Duxbury</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alina Haines Delmot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Bjørkdahl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, frameworks and theories in the implementation of programs targeted to reduce formal coercion in mental health settings: a systematic review</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coercion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coercive measures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implementation science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implementation tool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intervention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychiatric care</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1158145/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;troduction: Implementation models, frameworks and theories (hereafter tools) provide researchers and clinicians with an approach to understand the processes and mechanisms for the successful implementation of healthcare innovations. Previous research in mental health settings has revealed, that the implementation of coercion reduction programs presents a number of challenges. However, there is a lack of systematized knowledge of whether the advantages of implementation science have been utilized in this field of research. This systematic review aims to gain a better understanding of which tools have been used by studies when implementing programs aiming to reduce formal coercion in mental health settings, and what implementation outcomes they have reported. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science. A manual search was used to supplement database searches. Quality appraisal of included studies was undertaken using MMAT&amp;mdash;Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A descriptive and narrative synthesis was formed based on extracted data. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed in this review. Results: We identified 5,295 references after duplicates were removed. Four additional references were found with a manual search. In total eight studies reported in nine papers were included in the review. Coercion reduction programs that were implemented included those that were holistic, and/or used professional judgement, staff training and sensory modulation interventions. Eight different implementation tools were identified from the included studies. None of them reported all eight implementation outcomes sought from the papers. The most frequently reported outcomes were acceptability (4/8 studies) and adaptation (3/8). With regards to implementation costs, no data were provided by any of the studies. The quality of the studies was assessed to be overall quite low. Discussion: Systematic implementation tools are seldom used when efforts are being made to embed interventions to reduce coercive measures in routine mental health care. More high-quality studies are needed in the research area that also involves perspectives of service users and carers. In addition, based on our review, it is unclear what the costs and resources are needed to implement complex interventions with the guidance of an implementation tool. Systematic review registration: [Prospero], identifier [CRD42021284959].&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Review</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trine-Lise Jansen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lars Johan Danbolt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingrid Hanssen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marit Helene Hem</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How may cultural and political ideals cause moral distress in acute psychiatry? A qualitative study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMJ Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acute psychiatry; Coercion; Cultural ideals; Mental health nursing; Moral distress; Political ideals; Psychiatric nursing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">akutt psykiatri</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kulturelle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">politiske</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sykepleie</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8944013/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;There is growing public criticism of the use of restraints or coercion. Demands for strengthened patient participation and prevention of coercive measures in mental health care has become a priority for care professionals, researchers, and policymakers in Norway, as in many other countries. We have studied in what ways this current ideal of reducing the use of restraints or coercion and attempting to practice in a least restrictive manner may raise morals issues and create experiences of moral distress in nurses working in acute psychiatric contexts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Qualitative interview study, individual and focus group interviews, with altogether 30 nurses working in acute psychiatric wards in two mental health hospitals in Norway. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. A thematic analytic approach was chosen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;While nurses sense a strong expectation to minimise the use of restraints/coercion, patients on acute psychiatric wards are being increasingly ill with a greater tendency to violence. This creates moral doubt and dilemmas regarding how much nurses should endure on their own and their patients&amp;#39; behalf and may expose patients and healthcare personnel to greater risk of violence. Nurses worry that new legislation and ideals may prevent acutely mentally ill and vulnerable patients from receiving the treatment they need as well as their ability to create a psychological safe climate on the ward. Furthermore, persuading the patient to stay on the ward can cause guilt and uneasiness. Inadequate resources function as external constraints that may frustrate nurses from realising the treatment ideals set before them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Mental health nurses working in acute psychiatric care are involved in a complex interplay between political and professional ideals to reduce the use of coercion while being responsible for the safety of both patients and staff as well as creating a therapeutic atmosphere. External constraints like inadequate resources may furthermore hinder the healthcare workers/nurses from realising the treatment ideals set before them. Caught in the middle nurses may experience moral distress that may lead to physical discomfort, uneasiness and feelings of guilt, shame, and defeat. Pressure on nurses and care providers to reduce or eliminate the use of coercion and reduction of health care spending are incompatible demands.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Acute psychiatry; Coercion; Cultural ideals; Mental health nursing; Moral distress; Political ideals; Psychiatric nursing.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erfaringsbaserte</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahlberg, Jørgen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Øverstad, Siri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahl, Vegard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coman, Alina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomy and consent assessment for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A retrospective study of medical records</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykkekompetanse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252721000455?via%3Dihub</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The Norwegian Mental Health Act allows involuntary treatment for patients who lack consent capacity, however&lt;br /&gt;it allows only administration of pharmaceutical treatment and nutrition and not ECT. In lack of specific regulations,&lt;br /&gt;the legal access to ECT without valid consent has been grounded on the general rule of necessity in the&lt;br /&gt;Norwegian Penal code. This restriction and lack of legal regulation has implications for patients&amp;#39; rights and legal&lt;br /&gt;security.&lt;br /&gt;The study&amp;#39;s aim was to assess the documented consent provided by patients for electroconvulsive therapy&lt;br /&gt;(ECT), whether ECT was administered without valid consent or under coercion, and the documented reasons, and&lt;br /&gt;ultimately compare practice with the legal requirements. We analysed systematically all the relevant medical&lt;br /&gt;records for hospitalised patients and outpatients receiving ECT during 2011&amp;ndash;2016. We categorized data from&lt;br /&gt;these two groups into seven defined categories describing the attitude and quality of the consents to the ECT (or&lt;br /&gt;lack thereof).&lt;br /&gt;378 patients received 498 ECT series&amp;acute;. The noted consents varied from treatment based on request (54 treatments),&lt;br /&gt;consent upon recommendation (209 treatments), consent after hesitation (88 treatments), consent&lt;br /&gt;presumed or noted without specification (114 treatments), to no consent (21 treatments) whereof the majority&lt;br /&gt;with documented coercion applied (19 treatments). All cases of ECT without consent referred to a &amp;ldquo;plea of necessity&amp;rdquo;.&lt;br /&gt;The remaining treatments (12) lacked notifications specifying the consent (or attitude) expressed.&lt;br /&gt;Specific notes on the patient&amp;#39;s capacity to consent for the respective ECT were generally lacking.&lt;br /&gt;This study indicates a large spread in patients&amp;acute; acceptance and valid consent to ECT. The main reason for&lt;br /&gt;administering ECT without consent and/or against patients&amp;#39; will was for life-saving reasons. Such treatments&lt;br /&gt;were justified legal under a plea of necessity in the Penal Code or lacked noted legal justification. The legal&lt;br /&gt;vacuum for ECT without a valid consent needs to be addressed as this kind of disputed treatment is used in some&lt;br /&gt;cases.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jardim, PSJ</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borge, TC</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahm, KT</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Müller, AE</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hval, G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effekt av antipsykotika ved behandling uten pasientens samtykke sammenlignet med frivillig behandling</style></title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of involuntary treatment with antipsychotic medication: a systematic review </style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antipsychotic Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antipsykotika</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effekt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">involuntary treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.fhi.no/globalassets/dokumenterfiler/rapporter/2021/effekt-av-antipsykotika-ved-behandling-uten-pasientens-samtykke-sammenlignet-med-frivillig-behandling-v2-rapport-2021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Folkehelseinstituttet - FHI</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-37</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-82-8406-184-9</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Innledning
Kunnskapsgrunnlaget for legemidler med antipsykotisk effekt er i hovedsak basert på
studier hvor pasientene mottar disse legemidlene frivillig. I praksis forekommer også
bruk av antipsykotika i behandling uten pasientens samtykke (tvangsbehandling). Det
er et mangelfullt kunnskapsgrunnlag for hvorvidt antipsykotika gitt som tvangsbehandling har den samme effekten som når legemidlene tas frivillig.
Formålet med denne systematiske oversikten er å oppsummere forskning om effekt av
antipsykotika ved behandling uten pasientens samtykke (tvangsbehandling) sammenlignet med frivillig behandling med antipsykotika hos personer over 16 år med psykoselidelser.

Metode
Vi har utarbeidet en systematisk oversikt ved hjelp av framgangsmåter som beskrevet i
Folkehelseinstituttets metodebok for oppsummert forskning og i en fagfellevurdert
prosjektplan. For å identifisere relevante studier søkte en bibliotekar i åtte internasjonale litteraturdatabaser, slik som MEDLINE, EMBASE og PsycINFO, i desember 2020. Vi
søkte også i Google, skandinaviske bibliotekkataloger og gjennomgikk referanselistene
til studier lest i fulltekst. Vi identifiserte ingen studier publisert etter 2010 som møtte
våre inklusjonskriterier, men én studie publisert før 2010 som var relevant når vi gjennomgikk referanselistene til studier lest i fulltekst. I februar 2021 gjennomførte vi derfor et nytt litteratursøk og inkluderte studier uten begrensninger på publikasjonsår.
Vi inkluderte kontrollerte studier (studier med en sammenligningsgruppe), som undersøkte effekten av tvangsbehandling med antipsykotika sammenlignet med frivillig behandling med antipsykotika hos personer over 16 år med psykoselidelser. Utfallene vi
ønsket å måle var: endringer i psykosesymptomer, bivirkninger (alvorlige hendelser),
reinnleggelse, livskvalitet, funksjonsendring i sosiale relasjoner eller arbeid.
To medarbeidere valgte uavhengig av hverandre ut relevante studier og vurderte deretter risiko for systematiske skjevheter i de inkluderte studiene (dette ble gjort ved
bruk av sjekkliste for kohortstudier). Videre hentet to medarbeidere ut relevant data og
oppsummerte resultatene i tekst og Tabeller. Vi beregnet effektestimater for relevante
utfall rapportert i de inkluderte studiene, der det lot seg gjøre. Vi vurderte tillit til resultatene ved hjelp av GRADE-tilnærmingen.

Resultat
De to litteratursøkene og søket etter grå litteratur resulterte i 7601 referanser. Vi inkluderte to observasjonsstudier; én retrospektiv kohortstudie fra USA med 102 deltakere
publisert i 1991 og én tysk prospektiv kohortstudie med 88 deltakere fra 2004. Settingen for begge studiene var døgnbehandling på institusjon, og studiene sammenlignet
pasienter som ble tvangsbehandlet med frivillige behandlede pasienter. Studiene målte
psykosesymptomer, reinnleggelse og fungering. I tillegg målte de andre utfall som ikke
var relevante for vår problemstilling.
De inkluderte studiene hadde begge høy risiko for systematiske skjevheter, da gruppene ikke var sammenlignbare når det gjaldt viktige bakgrunnsfaktorer (f.eks. sykdommens alvorlighetsgrad og generell behandlingsmotvilje). Studiene hadde heller ikke tatt
hensyn til mulige kjente forvekslingsfaktorer i analysene, og det var generelt mangelfull
rapportering av data. Den ene studien hadde et retrospektivt design og beskriver ikke
hvilke kriterier/verktøy som ble brukt for å måle psykosesymtomer. Den andre studien
omfattet svært få deltakere som mottok antipsykotika under tvang, stor forskjell i antall deltakere i de to gruppene og personene som målte utfallene var ikke blindet.
Tilliten til effektestimatene er for lav til at vi kan konkludere hvorvidt antipsykotika gitt
under tvang har en annen effekt enn antipsykotika gitt i frivillig behandling (Tabell 1).

Diskusjon
Basert på vårt uttømmende litteratursøk kan vi med sikkerhet si at det finnes svært lite
forskning på problemstillingen, og at det som finnes er eldre studier med høy risiko for
systematiske skjevheter grunnet mangelfull rapportering og mangel på justering for
viktige forvekslingsfaktorer. En betydelig forskningsinnsats er derfor nødvendig for å
kunne svare på problemstillingen vår. Ideelt sett skulle en slik forskningsinnsats bestå
av større, veldesignete randomiserte studier. Dette er ikke mulig da det finnes store
forskningsetiske, metodiske og medisinske utfordringer som er uforenelige med å
forske på denne problemstillingen i denne pasientgruppen.
En alternativ måte å besvare problemstillingen er å bruke registerdata. De fleste pasienter vil i løpet av sykdomsforløpet være eksponert for forskjellige behandlingsregimer, mange vil både eksponeres for tvangsbehandling og for frivillig behandling. En
måte å bruke registerdata er å sammenligne pasienters symptomer og funksjonsnivå i
perioder med frivillig eller ingen behandling med perioder under tvang. Slik sammenlignes pasientene både med seg selv og med hverandre.

Konklusjon
Det er usikkert hvorvidt effekten av tvangsbehandling med antipsykotika er forskjellig
fra effekten av frivillig behandling med antipsykotika for utfallene psykosesymptomer,
reinnleggelse, og psykososial fungering


ENGLISH SUMMARY:

Background
The evidence base for antipsychotic medication is mainly based on studies where patients receive these drugs voluntarily. In a real-life setting, the use of antipsychotics
also occurs in treatment without patient consent, i.e. involuntary treatment. We know
little about whether the effect of involuntary treatment with antipsychotics is different
compared to the effect of voluntary treatment with antipsychotics.
The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize research on the effect of antipsychotics in treatment without the patient's consent (involuntary treatment) compared with voluntary treatment with antipsychotics, in people over 16 years of age
with psychotic disorders.

Method
We conducted this systematic review according to the procedures put forward in the
Norwegian Institute of Public Health's handbook for evidence synthesis, and in a peerreviewed project plan. To identify relevant studies, a librarian searched eight international literature databases, such as MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO, in December
2020. We also searched for grey literature in Google and Scandinavian library catalogues and reviewed the reference lists of studies reviewed in full text. We did not identify any studies published after 2010 that met our inclusion criteria, however, we identified one study published before 2010 that was relevant when reviewing reference
lists. In February 2021, we therefore expanded our literature search and included studies without restrictions on publication year.
We included controlled studies (studies with a comparison group) which examined the
effect of involuntary treatment with antipsychotics compared with voluntary treatment
with antipsychotics in people over 16 years of age with psychotic disorders. We were
interested in the following outcomes: change in psychosis symptoms, side effects (serious adverse events), readmission, quality of life, functioning in social relationships or
employment.
Two researchers independently selected relevant studies and then assessed the risk of
bias in the included studies using a checklist for cohort studies. Two researchers extracted relevant data and summarized the results in text and tables. Where possible we
calculated effect estimates for relevant outcomes reported in the included studies. We
assessed our confidence in the results using the GRADE approach.

Results
The two literature searches and the search for grey literature resulted in 7601 references. We included two small observational studies; one American retrospective study
published in 1991 with 102 participants and one German prospective study published
in 2004 with 88 participants. Both studies were conducted in an inpatient hospital setting and compared involuntary treated patients with voluntary treated patients. The
studies measured psychosis symptoms, readmission and functioning, in addition to
other outcomes that wasn’t relevant for our aim.
The included studies had a high risk of bias, due to baseline imbalance (e.g. severity of
the disorder and general resistance against treatment). The studies did also fail to consider possible known confounding factors in their analyses. One study had a retrospective design and did not mention which criteria was used to measure the outcomes. The
other study had very few participants that received antipsychotics, imbalance in the
number of participants in the groups and had no blinding of outcome assessments.
We have too low confidence in the effect estimates to conclude whether the effects of
antipsychotics are different in involuntary treatment compared with voluntary treatment (Table 2)

Discussion
Based on our exhaustive literature search we can be certain that there is very little research investigating the effect of involuntary treatment with antipsychotics compared
with voluntary treatment with antipsychotics. The studies that do exist are
older and with a high using register risk of bias due to incomplete reporting and lack of
adjustment for key confounding factors. A significant research effort is therefore
needed to be able to answer our research question. Ideally, such research efforts
should consist of larger, well-designed randomized studies. This is not possible as there
are major ethical, methodological and clinical challenges that are incompatible with investigations of this research question involving this population group.
An alternative research approach that will enable to answer this type of research question could be using registry data. Most patients will be exposed to different treatment
regime during the disease and many will be exposed to both compulsory and voluntary
treatment. One way of using register data are by matching people according to important clinical variables, such that the only difference between them is exposure to
compulsory treatment. In this way patient are compared both with themselves and
with others.

Conclusion
It is uncertain whether the effect of involuntary treatment with antipsychotics is different compared with the effect of voluntary treatment with antipsychotics in terms of the
outcomes psychosis symptoms, readmission, and psychosocial functioning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic review</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahl, Vilde Kristine Valding</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finnes det et rettslig grunnlag for ECT-behandling under tvang?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elektrosjokk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">helsepersonelloven § 7</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legalitetsprinsippet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nødrett</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psykisk helsevernloven</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">straffeloven § 17</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsbegrensningsloven</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://hdl.handle.net/10852/87041</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det juridiske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Elektrokonvulsiv behandling (ECT, også kalt elektrosjokk) er en behandlingsform som i dag blir tilbudt pasienter tilknyttet psykisk helsevern. Behandlingen har vist gode resultater for pasienter med alvorlige depresjoner og som ikke har hatt effekt av terapi eller medikamentell behandling. ECT-behandling er imidlertid også forbundet med hukommelsesproblemer, og virkningsmekanismen er uklar. ECT praktiseres i noen tilfeller uten at pasienten har samtykket til det, altså under tvang. Dette er rettslig problematisk, ettersom det ikke finnes noen klar lovhjemmel for slike inngrep. Praktiseringen av ECT er derfor omstridt, og står i et tvilsomt forhold til menneskerettighetene. Det følger av forarbeidene til psykisk helsevernloven (phvl.) at ECT uten samtykke er forbudt etter phvl. &amp;sect; 4-4 annet ledd. Likevel åpner forarbeidene for at ECT kan utføres under tvang i spesielle nødrettssituasjoner. Det samme synes å bli fulgt opp i forvaltningspraksis. Denne forvaltningspraksisen sammenholdt med forarbeidene viser til tre mulige rettsgrunnlag for ECT-behandling uten samtykke: nødrett som et selvstendig (ulovfestet) rettsgrunnlag, straffeloven &amp;sect; 17 og helsepersonelloven &amp;sect; 7. Hovedproblemstillingen er om det finnes rettslig grunnlag for ECT-behandling under tvang. Avhandlingen drøfter om de mulige rettsgrunnlagene nevnt over kan gi tilstrekkelig hjemmelsgrunnlag, hver for seg eller samlet. Avhandlingen inneholder også avsluttende betraktninger om dagens rettstilstand, hovedsakelig i forhold til Tvangsbegrensningsloven, NOU 2019: 14.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Førde, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hovland, IS</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syse, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunlop, O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paradokser og ulikheter i norsk helsevesen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juridisk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lov</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lovverk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvang</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ulikhet</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://tidsskriftet.no/2020/09/kronikk/paradokser-og-ulikheter-i-norsk-helsevesen</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Ulike pasientgrupper, alle med livstruende lidelser og selvskadende adferd, blir behandlet ulikt, selv om de har lik alder og nokså lik prognose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Denne artikkelen springer ut fra drøftinger i klinisk etikk-komitéer (KEK) rundt pasienter som blir intensivbehandlet med omfattende ressursbruk, inkludert bruk av tvang. Etter et slikt drøftingsmøte har involverte klinikere uttrykt undring over hvordan ulike pasientgrupper blir behandlet ulikt. I det følgende vil vi bruke konstruerte sykehistorier sammensatt av mange ulike pasienter for å illustrere noen paradokser.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsinnleggelse, tvangsmidler, etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidsen, K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruk av sikkerhetsseng og sikkerhetscelle i fengsel og i psykiatri-like inngrep, ulik rettssikkerhet?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">belteseng</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mekaniske tvangsmidler</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psykisk helsevernloven</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rettssikkerhet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sikkerhetscelle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sikkerhetsseng</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straffegjennomføringsloven</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-71995</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det juridiske fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;En komparativ redegjørelse og vurdering av de materielle, personelle og prosessuelle vilkår for vedtak om sikkerhetsseng og sikkerhetscelle i straffegjennomføringsloven og psykisk helsevernloven.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ina Danielsen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruk av elektrokonvulsiv behandling (ECT) med samtykke og med nødrett som hjemmel. I hvilken grad finnes det rettshjemmel for behandlingsformen?</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elektrokonvulsiv terapi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nødrett</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rettslig grunnlag</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samtykke</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/18543/29_JUS399_V18.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiB, juridisk fakultet</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergen</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Avhandlingen vil drøfte i hvilken grad det finnes rettshjemmel for bruk av elektrokonvulsiv behandling (ECT) med samtykke og med nødrett som hjemmel. ECT er en behandlingsform som innebærer at man fører små mengder strøm gjennom hjernen med intensjon om å utløse krampeanfall. Behandlingsformen har dokumentert god effekt ved affektive lidelser, men er også mye kritisert. Det er fortsatt ikke kartlagt den eksakte virkningsmekanismen, effekt, bivirkninger og om det kan føre til varig hjerneskade eller ikke.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Det har de siste årene vært mer fokus på de juridiske uklarhetene, bivirkninger og flere betenkeligheter med gjennomføringen av elektrokonvulsiv behandling. Behandlingsformen er å anse som et alvorlig inngrep og det knytter seg flere problemstillinger til tema; både juridisk, etisk og faglig. Det finnes ikke en lovbestemmelse som direkte regulerer bruken av ECT. Det blir derfor de mer generelle reglene i psykisk helsevernloven og pasient- og brukerrettighetsloven som legger føringene for behandlingsformen i Norge samt. bestemmelser om nødrett.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oppgaven vil behandle to hovedproblemstillinger; rettslig hjemmel for ECT med samtykke og ECT uten samtykke og med nødrett som hjemmel. Avhandlingen vil i det vesentlige være rettsdogmatisk, men også ha innslag av rettspolitisk drøftelse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oppgaven vil først ta for seg verdigrunnlaget og de overordnende rettslige prinsippene. Deretter vil jeg drøfte bruk av ECT med samtykke som hjemmel, og etterpå vil jeg drøfte bruken på nødrettslig grunnlag. Avslutningsvis vil jeg vurdere om nåværende situasjon er rettslig holdbar og om behandlingsformen bør lovfestes. Oppgaven vil være avgrenset mot mennesker over 18 år som ikke er umyndiggjort.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mastergradsoppgave</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter de Loof</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henk Nijman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Didden</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petri Embregts</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burnout symptoms in forensic psychiatric nurses and their associations with personality, emotional intelligence and client aggression: A cross-sectional study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aggresjon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aggression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forensic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">occupational mental health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sosial støtte</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30199590/</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Introduction Aggressive behaviour of forensic clients is associated with burnout symptoms in nursing staff. The role of staff characteristics as moderators is unclear. Aim We explored the association between type and severity of aggressive behaviour as experienced by nursing staff and staff&amp;#39;s burnout symptoms. In addition, the moderating roles of personality characteristics and emotional intelligence (EI) were studied. Moreover, the usefulness of ambulatory skin conductance assessments in detecting arousal related to burnout symptoms was studied. Method A total of 114 forensic nursing staff members filled out questionnaires and wore an ambulatory device. Results Experiencing physical aggression was positively associated with staff&amp;#39;s burnout symptoms. Stress management skills, a subscale of EI, but not personality, moderated this relationship. Skin conductance was not associated with burnout symptoms. Remarkably, the association between aggression and burnout symptoms was highest for staff reporting a higher number of stress management skills. Discussion Longitudinal research is necessary to establish causality between client aggression and staff burnout symptoms. In addition, further research is necessary on the validity of the aggression measure used in the current study. Implication for practice Nursing staff who experience physical aggression frequently should receive social support for this, and staff who report high stress management skills should be monitored more carefully after having been confronted with aggression.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">506-516</style></section><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risikovurdering</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stian Dunseth</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kan man forsvare selvmord? En diskusjon om rasjonelle selvmord i psykisk helsevern</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Det medisinske fakultet</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-59182</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitet i Oslo</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master Thesis</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin Drivenes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stein Bergan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oddvar Sæther</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug therapy among patients subject to outpatient compulsory mental health care</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal for Person centered healthcare</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(tilgjengelig ved karin.drivenes@sshf.no)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ubplj.org/index.php/ejpch/article/view/1052/1052</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUD</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanne Clausen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torleif Ruud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sigrun Odden</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JūratėŠaltytė Benth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristin Sverdvik Heiervang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanne Kilen Stuen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helen Killaspy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert E. Drake</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Landheim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hospitalisation of severely mentally ill patients with and without problematic substance use before and during Assertive Community Treatment: an observational cohort study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Froukje Weidema</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hans van Dartel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molewijk, Bert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Working towards implementing moral case deliberation in mental healthcare: Ongoing dialogue and shared ownership as strategy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical EthicsClinical Ethics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implementation,moral case deliberation,mental healthcare,dialogue,clinical ethics support</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The design and implementation of clinical ethics support is attracting increasing attention. Often, the characteristics and aims of clinical ethics support are translated into practice in a top-down, programmatic manner. These characteristics and aims then remain a constant feature of the clinical ethics support functions within the organisation. We argue that the characteristics of clinical ethics support should be reflected in the implementation strategy. Inspired by dialogical, pragmatic and hermeneutic perspectives on clinical ethics support in general and moral case deliberation in particular, we argue for a dialogical approach to implementing clinical ethics support, based on open, ongoing discussion with healthcare professionals about how they conceive (the aims of) clinical ethics support. Based on research and experience with various moral case deliberation implementation projects in mental healthcare, we present a theoretical framework for dialogical implementation and heuristic guidelines for implementing moral case deliberation in mental healthcare, which take into account the dialogical characteristics of moral case deliberation and some specific features of mental healthcare.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></issue><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristin Thuve Dahm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Odgaard-Jensen, Jan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonje Lossius Husum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kari Ann Leiknes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interventions for reducing coercion in mental health for adults: A systematic review and the impact of updating</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Brain Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pakinsight.com/pdf-files/JBS-2014-1(1)-1-23.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse, Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigmor Diseth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Per Høglend</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compulsory mental health care in Norway: The treatment criterion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252713001039</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsbehandling, Etikk,</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin Drivenes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oppfølging av legemiddelbruken til pasienter underlagt tvungent psykisk helsevern uten døgnopphold</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-44014</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitet i Oslo</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master Thesis</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigmor Randi Diseth</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compulsory Mental Health Care in Norway: A Study of the Interface between the Law and Psychiatry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Det medisinske fakultet</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/35828/dravhandling-diseth.pdf?sequence=1</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universitetet i Oslo</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DUO</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etikk, Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svindseth, Marit F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nøttestad, Jim A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahl, Alv A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perceived humiliation during admission to a psychiatric emergency service and its relation to socio-demography and psychopathology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC PsychiatryBMC Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-217</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>36</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristin Thuve Dahm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kari Ann Leiknes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonje Lossius Husum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingvild Kirkehei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjørn Hoffmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hilde Tinderholt Myrhaug</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kjetil Gundro Brurberg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Therese Kristine Dalsbø</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liv Merete Reinar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effekt av tiltak for å redusere tvangsbruk i psykisk helsevern for voksne</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.kunnskapssenteret.no/publikasjoner/effekt-av-tiltak-for-a-redusere-tvangsbruk-i-psykisk-helsevern-for-voksne</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oslo</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nr 09-2012</style></volume><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-82-8121-484-2</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratis</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse, Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann-Torunn Andersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margaretha Dramsdahl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Egil Anders Haugen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarle Johannessen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urd Loftesnes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geir Olsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingvild Bua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monica Borge Fosse</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kunnskapssenteret</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mekaniske tvangsmidler – bruk i psykisk helsevern</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.helsebiblioteket.no/microsite/fagprosedyrer/fagprosedyrer/mekaniske-tvangsmidler-bruk-i-psykisk-helsevern</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helsebibliokteket </style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsmidler</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigmor Randi Diseth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kjell-Petter Bøgwald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Per A. Høglend</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attitudes among stakeholders towards compulsory mental health care in Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160252710001147</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tvangsinnleggelse</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maja Danielsen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;Fribillettlovbryterne&quot;</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lovbrudd</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psykisk sykdom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strafferettslig</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">utilregnelig</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilregnelighet</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/22485/MASTEROPPGAVE.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UiO, Det juridiske fakultet</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Denne avhandlingen retter søkelyset mot en liten gruppe lovbrytere, som ofte blir betegnet som &amp;rdquo;fribillettlovbryterne&amp;rdquo;. Fordi disse lovbryterne er blitt erklært strafferettslig utilregnelige, kan de ikke straffes for lovbruddene de begår. Lovbruddene er hovedsaklig vinningslovbrudd, men også mindre alvorlige former for blant annet vold, trusler og narkotikalovbrudd. Mange av &amp;rdquo;fribillettlovbryterne&amp;rdquo; er psykotiske, og ikke motiverte til å ta imot behandling gjennom det psykiske helsevern. Ofte vil de heller ikke tilfredsstille vilkårene for tvangsinnleggelse, verken strafferettslig eller sivilt. Som følge av dette har det oppstått en rettstilstand der noen utilregnelige personer kontinuerlig begår lovbrudd i stort omfang, uten at de kan stoppes ved hjelp av rettslige midler.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I arbeidet med avhandlingen har jeg gått ut i fra en tese om at straffeloven er forankret i allmennmoralske synspunkter. I den forbindelse har avhandlingens formål vært å undersøke alminnelige menneskers oppfatninger av dagens rettstilstand, og deres synspunkter på dilemmaene som reises i forhold til &amp;rdquo;fribillettlovbryterne&amp;rdquo;. For å undersøke dette har jeg foretatt tre fokusgruppediskusjoner, der deltakerne ble bedt om å diskutere forskjellige case. Min hovedproblemstilling var: Hva mener deltakerne i undersøkelsen om situasjoner der psykisk syke ikke kan idømmes strafferettslige reaksjoner, når de får informerte og nyanserte bilder av slike situasjoner? Hovedproblemstillingen var delt inn i tre underproblemstillinger som jeg ønsket å utforske på bakgrunn av de empiriske data som ble innhentet i fokusgruppediskusjonene:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1.Hva oppfatter deltakerne som alvorlige/farlige lovbrudd?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2.Hvilke oppfatninger har deltakerne av psykisk syke lovbrytere?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3.Hva (hvis noe) mener deltakerne bør gjøres i forhold til nåværende rettstilstand?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avhandlingen er skrevet i kjølvannet av justis- og politidepartementets forslag om lovendringer for å fange opp &amp;rdquo;fribillettlovbryterne&amp;rdquo;. På grunnlag av fokusgruppediskusjonene, har jeg drøftet ulike rettslige løsninger i forhold til denne problematikken.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I demokratiske rettstater har den allmenne rettsoppfatningen spilt en sentral rolle i forhold til rettssystemets funksjon, og i innføringen av rettslige vedtak. Det er sterke begrunnelser for at allmenn rettsoppfatning bør ha en slik sentral plass i forhold til rettsreglene og rettshåndteringen. I de senere årene har imidlertid forskningsundersøkelser vist at lovendringer og politikeres populistiske utspill kan være basert på feilaktige forestillinger av hva som er den konkrete rettsoppfatningen blant allmennbefolkningen. Med denne avhandlingen ønsker jeg å bidra til forskning som har som formål å avdekke allmenn rettsoppfatning&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mastergradsoppgave</style></work-type><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">annet</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigmor Randi Diseth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Per A. 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